Editing Giovanni da Verrazzano (section)

== 1522–24 voyage to North America ==
{{Main|Cèllere Codex}}
[[File:Viaggioverrazzano.jpg|260px|thumb|Verrazzano's voyage in 1524]]
[[File:Carrack model La Dauphine sailed by Verrazzano 1524 Museum of NYC.jpg|thumb|La Dauphine (model) sailed by Verrazzano in 1524]]
In September 1522, the surviving members of the [[Magellan expedition]] returned to Spain, having circumnavigated the globe. Competition in trade was becoming urgent, especially with Portugal. 

French merchants and financiers urged King [[Francis I of France]] to establish new trade routes. In 1523, the king asked Verrazzano to explore on France's behalf an area between Florida and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], intending to find a [[Northwest Passage|sea route to the Pacific Ocean]].

Within months, four ships set sail due west for the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]], but a violent storm and rough seas caused the loss of two ships. The remaining two damaged ships, ''[[La Dauphine]]'' and ''La Normande'', were forced to return to Brittany.<ref>[[Marcel Trudel]], ''The Beginnings of New France 1524–1663'' (Toronto:  McClelland & Stewart, 1973), p. 4.</ref>

Repairs were completed in the final weeks of 1523, and the ships set sail again. This time, the ships headed south toward calmer waters under hostile Spanish and Portuguese control. 

After a stop in [[Madeira]], complications forced ''La Normande'' back to home port, but Verrazzano's ship ''La Dauphine'' departed on January 17, 1524, piloted by Antoine de Conflans, and headed once more for the North American continent.<ref>{{cite book | title=Discoverers and Explorers | first=Edward Richard | last=Shaw | publisher=American Book Company | year=1900 | page=[https://archive.org/details/discoverersande01shawgoog/page/n109 103] | url=https://archive.org/details/discoverersande01shawgoog | quote=Verrazzano january 17. | isbn=1-4353-8990-5}}</ref> 

It neared the area of [[Cape Fear (headland)|Cape Fear]] on March 21, 1524<ref>''Verrazano's Voyage Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, 1524'', translation of letters by Giovanni da Verrazzano  (University of the State of New York, 1916) p.6 ("The XXIIII day of February we suffered a tempest as severe as ever a man who has navigated suffered... In XXV more days we asailed more than 400 leagues where there appeared to us a new land.")</ref>
and, after a short stay, reached the [[Pamlico Sound]] lagoon of modern [[North Carolina]]. In a letter to Francis I, described by historians as the ''[[Cèllere Codex]]'', Verrazzano wrote that he was convinced that the Sound was the beginning of the Pacific Ocean from which access could be gained to China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Verrazano Expedition |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/verrazano-expedition|access-date=2020-08-15|website=www.ncpedia.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Knecht|first=R. J.|title=Francis I|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-52127-887-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/francisi00knec |page=331}}</ref>

Continuing to explore the coast further northwards, Verrazzano and his crew came into contact with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] living on the coast. However, he did not notice the entrances to the [[Chesapeake Bay]] or the mouth of the [[Delaware River]].<ref name=":0" />

In [[New York Bay]], he encountered the [[Lenape]] in about 30 [[Lenape canoes]] and observed what he deemed to be a large lake, really the entrance to the [[Hudson River]]. He then sailed along [[Long Island]] and entered [[Narragansett Bay]], where he received a delegation of [[Wampanoag people|Wampanoag]] and [[Narragansett people]]. 

The words "Norman villa" are found on the 1527 map by [[Visconte Maggiolo]] identifying the site. The historian [[Samuel Eliot Morison]] writes that "this occurs at [[New Angoulême|Angouleme (New York)]] rather than Refugio (Newport). It was probably intended to compliment one of Verrazzano's noble friends. There are several places called 'Normanville' in Normandy, France. The main one is located near [[Fécamp]] and another important one near [[Évreux]], which would naturally be it. West of it, conjecturally on the Delaware or New Jersey coast, is a ''Longa Villa'', which Verrazzano certainly named after [[Duke of Longueville|François d'Orléans, duc de Longueville]]."<ref name=":0">{{cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison | title = The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages | url = https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00moririch | url-access = registration | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1971 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00moririch/page/490 490] | isbn = 0-19-215941-0}}</ref>  He stayed there for two weeks and then moved northwards.<ref name=":1" />

He discovered [[Cape Cod Bay]], his claim being proved by a map of 1529 that clearly outlined Cape Cod.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=History of Barnstable County, Massachusetts |year=1890 |page=950 |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofbarnsta00deyo#page/950/mode/2up/search/verrazano |access-date=2017-02-27}}</ref> He named the cape after a general, calling it Pallavicino.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D'Epiro |first1=Peter |last2=Pinkowish |first2=Mary Desmond |author-link= |date=2001 |title=Sprezzatura: 50 Ways Italian Genius Shaped the World |url= |location=New York |publisher=Anchor Books |page=180 |chapter=Twenty-four: A new world beckons: Columbus, Cabot, Vespucci, Verrazano <!-- (One-z spelling in original) -->|language= |isbn=0-385-72019-X}}</ref> He then followed the coast up to modern [[Maine]], southeastern [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], and he then returned to France by 8 July 1524. Verrazzano named the region that he explored ''Francesca'' in honour of the French king, but his brother's map labelled it ''Nova Gallia'' ([[New France]]).<ref>{{cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | author-link =Samuel Eliot Morison | title = The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages | url = https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00moririch | url-access = registration | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1971 | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00moririch/page/323 323] | isbn = 0-19-215941-0}}</ref>