Editing Giovanni Falcone (section)

== First trial against the Mafia ==

[[File:Giovanni Falcone.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Antimafia prosecutor Giovanni Falcone in a drawing]]
In early 1980, Falcone joined the ‘Office of Instruction’ (Ufficio istruzione), the investigative branch of the Prosecution Office of Palermo. He started to work at a particularly tense moment. Judge [[Cesare Terranova]], a former parliamentary deputy and Antimafia reformer who had been the main prosecutor of the Mafia in the 1960s, was to have headed this office, but he was killed on 25 September 1979. Only two months earlier, on 21 July 1979, [[Boris Giuliano]] had been assassinated; he headed the police investigation squad investigating heroin trafficking by the Mafia headed by [[:it:Rosario Spatola (1940)|Rosario Spatola]] and [[Salvatore Inzerillo]]. Taking Terranova's place was [[Rocco Chinnici]], who was murdered by the Mafia in July 1983.<ref name=schneiders/><ref name="stille30">Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', pp. 30–31</ref>

On 5 May 1980, Giuliano's successor in investigating the heroin network, Carabinieri captain [[Emanuele Basile]], was killed. The next day, the prosecuting judge [[Gaetano Costa]] signed 55 arrest warrants against the heroin-trafficking network of the Spatola-Inzerillo-Gambino clan. From Sicily, heroin was moved to the [[Gambino crime family]] in New York, who were related to the Inzerillos. Chinnici appointed Falcone to investigate the case, one of the biggest Antimafia operations in more than a decade.<ref name="stille31">Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', pp. 31–32</ref> Costa signed the indictments after virtually all of the other prosecutors in his office had declined to do so – a fact that leaked out of the office and eventually cost him his life: he was murdered on 6 August 1980, on the orders of Inzerillo.<ref name=schneiders/> Falcone was given bodyguards the next day.<ref name="follain33">Follain, ''Vendetta'', p. 33</ref>

In this tense atmosphere, Falcone introduced an innovative investigative technique in the Spatola investigation, seizing bank records to follow "the money trail" created by heroin deals to build his case, applying the skills he had learned unravelling bankruptcies.<ref name=schneiders/> He was probably among the first Sicilian magistrates to establish working relationships with colleagues from other countries, thus developing an early understanding of the global dimensions of heroin trafficking, while enhancing the meagre investigative resources of his office.<ref name=schneiders/> A colleague was astonished to discover that Falcone, who had no computers at his disposal, was personally recording the details listed on printouts of transactions that he had requisitioned from every bank in Palermo province.<ref name="follain10">Follain, ''Vendetta'', p. 10</ref>

He learned that the chemists of the [[French Connection]] had moved clandestine labs for refining heroin from [[Marseille]] to Sicily. At the end of 1980, he visited the United States and started to work with the [[U.S. Justice Department]], resulting in "some of the biggest international law enforcement operations in history", such as the [[Pizza Connection Trial|Pizza Connection]]. The inquiries extended to Turkey, an important stopover on the route of [[morphine]] base; to Switzerland, where bank secrecy laws facilitated [[money laundering]]; and to Naples, where [[cigarette smuggling]] rings were being reconfigured as heroin operations.<ref name=schneiders/> At the end of 1981, Falcone finalised the Spatola case for trial, which enabled the prosecution to win 74 convictions, based on Falcone's "web of solid evidence, bank and travel records, seized heroin shipments, fingerprint and handwriting analyses, wiretapped conversations and firsthand testimony" that proved that "Sicily had replaced France as the principal gateway for refining and exporting heroin to the United States".<ref name=schneiders/><ref name="stille46">Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 46</ref>