Editing Gilberto Gil (section)

== Musical career (1963–present) ==
[[File:Gilberto Gil e Nana Caymmi no III Festival da Música Popular.tif|left|thumb|Gilberto Gil and Nana Caymmi in III Popular Music Festival, 1967. [[Brazilian National Archives|National Archives of Brazil]]]]
Gil met guitarist and singer [[Caetano Veloso]] at the [[Universidade Federal da Bahia]] (Federal University of Bahia) in 1963. The two began collaborating and performing together, releasing a single and EP.<ref name=tepel/> Along with [[Maria Bethânia]] (Veloso's sister), [[Gal Costa]], and [[Tom Zé]], Gil and Veloso performed bossa nova and traditional Brazilian songs at the Vila Velha Theatre's opening night in July 1964, a show entitled ''Nós, por Exemplo'' ("Us, for Example").<ref name=tourneen/> Gil and the group continued to perform at the venue and he eventually became a musical director of the concert series.<ref>Veloso (2003), p. 46</ref> Gil collaborated again with members of this collective on the landmark 1968 album ''[[Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses]]'', whose style was influenced by The Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'', an album Gil listened to constantly.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ernest |last=Barteldes |title=Gilberto Gil |url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2007-03-29/music/gilberto-gil |work=[[Miami New Times]] |date=March 29, 2007 |access-date=2008-05-02 |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717034859/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2007-03-29/music/gilberto-gil/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gil describes ''Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses'' as the birth of the tropicália movement.<ref name=katz/> As Gil describes it, tropicália, or tropicalismo, was a conflation of musical and cultural developments that had occurred in Brazil during the 1950s and 1960s—primarily [[bossa nova]] and the [[Jovem Guarda]] ("Young Wave") collective—with [[rock and roll]] music from the United States and Europe, a movement deemed threatening by the Brazilian government of the time.<ref name=goodman>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2008/6/25/from_political_prisoner_to_cabinet_minister |title=From Political Prisoner to Cabinet Minister: Legendary Brazilian Musician Gilberto Gil on His Life, His Music and the Digital Divide |access-date=2008-06-25 |last=Goodman |first=Amy |author-link=Amy Goodman |date=June 25, 2008 |format=radio |work=[[Democracy Now!]] }}</ref>

Early on in the 1960s, Gil earned income primarily from selling bananas in a shopping mall and composing [[jingle]]s for television advertisements;<ref name=skelly/> he was also briefly employed by the Brazilian division of [[Unilever]], Gessy-Lever.<ref name=tourneen/> He moved to [[São Paulo]] in 1965 and had a [[hit single]] when his song "Louvação" (which later appeared on the [[Louvação|album of the same name]]) was released by [[Elis Regina]]. His first hit as a solo artist was the 1969 song "[[Aquele Abraço]]".<ref name=skelly/> Gil also performed on several television programs throughout the 1960s, which often included other "tropicalistas", members of the Tropicalismo movement.<ref name=tourneen/>

=== Imprisonment and exile ===
In October 1968, Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso performed at Sucata club in Rio de Janeiro, with [[Hélio Oiticica|Hélio Oiticica's]] poem-flag {{Lang|pt|[[Seja marginal, seja herói]]}} displayed on stage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Cámara |first=Mario |date=2016-01-11 |title=El artista plástico Hélio Oiticica: escritor y fotógrafo |url=https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/Outra/article/view/2176-8552.2016n21p93 |journal=Outra Travessia |language=pt |volume=1 |issue=21 |pages=93–104 |doi=10.5007/2176-8552.2016n21p93 |issn=2176-8552|hdl=11336/106342 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso: the story of a friendship |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/gilberto-gil-and-caetano-veloso-the-story-of-a-friendship/egUBi8tjNx-CbQ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref> The journalist {{Ill|Randal Juliano|pt}} of [[RecordTV]] propagated a story that Caetano and Gil had sung the [[Brazilian National Anthem]] in subversive parody.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lichote |first=Leonardo |date=2020-09-14 |title=A ditadura brasileira contra Caetano Veloso: os arquivos completos da repressão |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/cultura/2020-09-14/a-ditadura-brasileira-contra-caetano-veloso-os-arquivos-completos-da-repressao.html |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=El País Brasil |language=pt-BR}}</ref> The two musicians were arrested without trial December 27, 1968—shortly after the military state had passed on December 13 [[Institutional Act Number Five]], which suspended [[habeas corpus]].<ref name=":0" />

In February 1969 Gil and Veloso were arrested by the [[History of Brazil (1964–1985)|Brazilian military government]], brought from São Paulo to [[Rio de Janeiro]], and spent three months in prison and another four under house arrest,<ref name=katz/><ref name=goodman/> before being freed on the condition that they leave the country. Veloso was the first to be arrested; the police moved to Gil's home soon afterward. Veloso had directed his then-wife Andréa Gadelha to warn Gil about the possibility of arrest, but Gil was eventually brought into the police van along with Veloso.<ref>Veloso (2003), pp. 219–220</ref> They were given no reason or charge for their arrest.<ref name=katz/> Gil believes that the government felt his actions "represent[ed] a threat [to them], something new, something that can't quite be understood, something that doesn't fit into any of the clear compartments of existing cultural practices, and that won't do. That is dangerous."<ref name=dibbell>{{cite magazine |last=Dibbell |first=Julian |author-link=Julian Dibbell |date=November 2004 |title=We Pledge Allegiance to the Penguin  |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |volume=12 |issue=11 |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.11/linux.html |access-date= 2008-03-16}}</ref> During his prison sentence, Gil began to [[meditation|meditate]], follow a [[macrobiotic diet]], and read about [[Eastern philosophy]].<ref name=tepel/> He composed four songs during his imprisonment, among them "Cérebro Electrônico" ("Electronic Brain"), which first appeared on his 1969 album ''[[Gilberto Gil 1969]]'', and later on his 2006 album ''[[Gil Luminoso]]''.<ref>{{cite news |first=Julie |last=McCarthy |title=Brazilian Culture Minister Rocks Out with New Album |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7650054 |format=radio |work=[[Weekend Edition|Weekend Edition Saturday]] |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |date=March 3, 2007 |access-date=2008-05-10 }}</ref> Thereafter, Gil and Veloso were exiled to London, England after being offered to leave Brazil.<ref>Veloso (2003), pp. 262–263</ref> The two played a last Brazilian concert together in Salvador in July 1969, and travelled to Portugal, Paris, and London.<ref name=katz/> He and Veloso took a house in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], with their wives and manager.<ref name=lewis>{{cite news |title=Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso in London |first=John |last=Lewis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/jul/15/gilberto-gil-caetano-veloso-london |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 15, 2010 |access-date=2010-07-27 }}</ref> Gil was involved in the organisation of the 1971 [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]] [[Free Festival]]<ref name="lewis"/> and was exposed to reggae while living in London; he recalls listening to [[Bob Marley]] (whose songs he later covered), [[Jimmy Cliff]], and [[Burning Spear]].<ref name=katz/> He was heavily influenced by and involved with the city's rock scene as well, performing with [[Yes (band)|Yes]], [[Pink Floyd]], and the [[Incredible String Band]].<ref name=katz/><ref name=skelly/> However, he also performed solo, recording ''Gilberto Gil'' (''Nêga'') while in London. In addition to involvement in the reggae and rock scenes, Gil attended performances by jazz artists, including [[Miles Davis]] and [[Sun Ra]].<ref name=katz/>

[[File:Gilberto Gil with guitar.jpg|thumb|right|Gilberto Gil performing in 2007]]
When he went back to Bahia in 1972, Gil focused on his musical career and environmental advocacy work.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news |title=Brazil's Gilberto Gil, minister of cool |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/09/01/brazil.people.gil.reut/ |author=Staff |work=[[Reuters]] via [[CNN]] |location=[[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] |date=September 1, 2003 |access-date=2008-03-16 }}</ref> He released ''Expresso 2222'' the same year, from which two popular singles were released. Gil toured the United States and recorded an English-language album as well, continuing to release a steady stream of albums throughout the 1970s, including ''Realce'' and ''Refazenda.'' In the early 1970s Gil participated in a resurgence of the [[Afro-Brazilian]] [[afoxê|afoxé]] tradition in [[Brazilian Carnival|Carnaval]], joining the Filhos de Gandhi ("Sons of Gandhi") performance group,<ref>Crook (2005), p. 141</ref> which only allowed black Brazilians to join.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unb.br/ics/dan/Serie145empdf.pdf |title=Black Music of All Colors: The Construction of Black Ethnicity in Ritual and Popular Genres of Afro-Brazilian Music |access-date=2008-05-24 |last=Carvalho |first=José Jorge de |year=1993 |publisher=[[Universidade de Brasília]] |page=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527235634/http://www.unb.br/ics/dan/Serie145empdf.pdf |archive-date=May 27, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Gil also recorded a song titled "Patuscada de Gandhi" written about the Filhos de Gandhi that appeared on his 1977 album ''Refavela''. Greater attention was paid to afoxé groups in Carnaval because of the publicity that Gil had provided to them through his involvement; the groups increased in size as well.<ref>Crook (2005), pp. 142–143</ref> In the late 1970s he left Brazil for Africa and visited [[Senegal]], [[Ivory Coast]], and [[Nigeria]]. He also worked with [[Jimmy Cliff]] and released a [[cover version|cover]] of "[[No Woman, No Cry]]" with him in 1980, a number one hit that introduced [[reggae]] to Brazil.<ref name=skelly/>

In 1996, Gil contributed "Refazenda" to the AIDS-Benefit Album [[Red Hot + Rio]] produced by the [[Red Hot Organization]].

In 1998 the live version of his album ''Quanta'' won Gil the [[Grammy Award for Best World Music Album]]. In 2005 he won the [[Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album]] for ''Eletracústico''. In May 2005 he was awarded the [[Polar Music Prize]] by [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden]] in Stockholm,<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Gilberto Gil Receives Polar Music Prize |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/62801/gilberto-gil-receives-polar-music-prize |work=[[Associated Press]] via [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=May 4, 2005 |access-date=2008-03-16 }}</ref> the prize's first Latin American recipient. On October 16 of the same year he received the [[Légion d'honneur]] from the government of [[France]], coinciding with the Année du Brésil en France ("Brazil's Year in France").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/communiq/donnedieu/ggil.html |title=Cérémonie de remise des insignes de Grand Officier dans l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur à Gilberto Gil |access-date=2008-03-18 |last=Durand |first=Fabien |date=October 13, 2005 |work=Culture.fr |language=fr }}</ref>

In 2010 he released the album ''Fé Na Festa'', a record devoted to [[forró]], a style of music from Brazil's northeast. His tour to promote this album received some negative feedback from fans who were expecting to hear a set featuring his hits.<ref>{{cite web |author=Russ Slater |title=Gilberto Gil at Royal Festival Hall&nbsp;– July 21st |url=http://www.soundsandcolours.com/reviews/live-reviews/gilberto-gil-royal-festival-hall-%e2%80%93-july-21st/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730132922/http://www.soundsandcolours.com/reviews/live-reviews/gilberto-gil-royal-festival-hall-%E2%80%93-july-21st/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 30, 2010 |work=Sounds and Colours |date=July 27, 2010 |access-date=2010-07-27 }}</ref> In 2013, Gilberto Gil plays his own role as a singer and promoter of cultural diversity in a long feature documentary shot around the southern hemisphere by Swiss filmmaker [[Pierre-Yves Borgeaud]], ''Viramundo: a musical journey with Gilberto Gil'', distributed worldwide. The film also inaugurates the T.I.D.E. experiment for pan-European and multi-support releases.<ref>''[http://www.screendaily.com/news/gilberto-gil-doc-set-for-tide-day-and-date-release/5052414.article TIDE to “day-and-date” release Gilberto Gil doc in ten countries] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017005853/http://www.screendaily.com/news/gilberto-gil-doc-set-for-tide-day-and-date-release/5052414.article |date=October 17, 2015 }}'', SCREEN Daily, February 27, 2013, by Melanie Goodfellow</ref>

His album ''OK OK OK'' was ranked as the 4th best Brazilian album of 2018 by the Brazilian edition of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine<ref name="rsbmelhores18">{{cite magazine |last1=Antunes |first1=Pedro |title=Rolling Stone Brasil: os 50 melhores discos nacionais de 2018 |url=https://rollingstone.uol.com.br/noticia/rolling-stone-brasil-os-50-melhores-discos-nacionais-de-2018/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] Brasil |publisher=Grupo Perfil |access-date=28 December 2020 |language=pt |date=21 December 2018}}</ref> and among the 25 best Brazilian albums of the second half of 2018 by the [[Associação Paulista de Críticos de Arte|São Paulo Association of Art Critics]].<ref name="apcamelhores18">{{cite magazine |last1=Antunes |first1=Pedro |title=Baco Exu do Blues, Gilberto Gil, Duda Beat: os 25 melhores discos brasileiros do segundo semestre de 2018, segundo a APCA |url=https://rollingstone.uol.com.br/noticia/baco-exu-do-blues-gilberto-gil-carne-doce-duda-beat-apca-escolhe-os-25-melhores-discos-brasileiros-do-segundo-semestre-2018/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] Brasil |publisher=Grupo Perfil |access-date=28 December 2020 |language=pt |date=30 November 2018}}</ref>