Editing Gibbon (section)

==Evolutionary history==
Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9–17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from [[Old World monkey]]s).<ref name="Carbone et al. 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Carbone|first1=Lucia|title=Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes|journal=Nature|date=2014|volume=513|issue=11 September 2014|pages=195–201 |doi= 10.1038/nature13679| display-authors= etal|pmid=25209798|pmc=4249732|bibcode=2014Natur.513..195C}}</ref> Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5–7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive [[incomplete lineage sorting]].<ref name="Carbone et al. 2014"/><ref name="Matsudaira2010">{{cite journal| last1= Matsudaira |first1=K| last2= Ishida |first2= T |date= May 2010| title= Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of the whole mitochondrial genome sequences among three gibbon genera| journal= Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.| volume= 55| number= 2| pages= 454–59| doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.032| pmid= 20138221 |bibcode=2010MolPE..55..454M| access-date= }}</ref> An analysis based on [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] suggests that the four genera are ordered as (''Symphalangus'', (''Nomascus'', (''Hoolock'', ''Hylobates''))).<ref>{{cite journal| first1= Thomas |last1=Geissmann |doi= 10.1002/evan.10047|title=Taxonomy and evolution of gibbons| journal=Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |volume= 11|pages=28–31|year=2003|citeseerx=10.1.1.524.4224|s2cid=36655075}}</ref>

{{clade
       |1={{clade|label1=[[Hylobatidae]] |1={{clade
         |label1=(gibbons)
           |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Symphalangus]]''
           |label2=
           |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Nomascus]]''
             |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Hoolock]]''
             |2=''[[Hylobates]]''
             }}
           }} }}}}
       |label2=[[Hominidae]] (hominids, great apes)
       |2={{clade|label1=[[Ponginae]] |1={{clade
         |label1= (orangutans)           |1={{clade
           }} }}
         |label2=[[Homininae]]
          |2={{clade|label1=[[Gorillini]] |1={{clade
             |label1=(gorillas)
             |1={{clade
             }} }}
             |label2=[[Hominini]]
             |2={{clade
                |label1=[[Panina]]
                |1={{clade|label1=(chimpanzees)|1={{clade
                }} }}
                |2={{clade|label1=[[Hominina]] (humans)|1={{clade
                }} }}
             }}          
         }}
      }}                
   }}|style1=font-size:90%|label1=[[Hominoidea]] (hominoids, apes) }}

A [[Multispecies coalescent process|coalescent-based]] species tree analysis of genome-scale datasets suggests a phylogeny for the four genera ordered as (''Hylobates'', (''Nomascus'', (''Hoolock'', ''Symphalangus''))).<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Shi| first1=Cheng-Min|last2=Yang|first2=Ziheng|title=Coalescent-Based Analyses of Genomic Sequence Data Provide a Robust Resolution of Phylogenetic Relationships among Major Groups of Gibbons|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=January 2018| volume=35|issue=1|pages=159–179|doi=10.1093/molbev/msx277|pmid=29087487|pmc=5850733}}</ref>

{{clade
       |1={{clade|label1=[[Hylobatidae]] |1={{clade
         |label1=(gibbons)
           |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Hylobates]]''
           |label2=
           |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Nomascus]]''
             |2={{clade
             |1=''[[Hoolock ]]''
             |2=''[[Symphalangus]]''
             }}
           }} }}}}
       |label2=[[Hominidae]] (hominids, great apes)
       |2={{clade|label1=[[Ponginae]] |1={{clade
         |label1= (Orangutans)           |1={{clade
           }} }}
         |label2=[[Homininae]]
          |2={{clade|label1=[[Gorillini]]  |1={{clade
             |label1=(Gorilla)
             |1={{clade
             }} }}
             |label2=[[Hominini]]
             |2={{clade
                |label1=[[Panina]]
                |1={{clade|label1=(chimpanzees)|1={{clade
                }} }}
                |2={{clade|label1=[[Hominina]] (Humans)|1={{clade
                }} }}
             }}          
         }}
      }}                
   }}|style1=font-size:90%|label1=[[Hominoidea]] (hominoids, apes) }}

At the species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that ''Hylobates pileatus'' diverged from ''H. lar'' and ''H. agilis'' around 3.9 Mya, and ''H. lar'' and ''H. agilis'' separated around 3.3 Mya.<ref name="Matsudaira2010"/> Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of ''H. pileatus'' from ''H. moloch'' 1.5–3.0 Mya.<ref name="Carbone et al. 2014"/> The extinct ''[[Bunopithecus|Bunopithecus sericus]]'' is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape, which until recently, was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons.<ref name=Mootnick/>