Editing Geography of Turkmenistan (section)

==Climate==
{{See also|Turkmenistan#Climate|l1=Climate}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_TKM_1991–2020.svg|thumb|400px|Turkmenistan map of Köppen climate classification zones]]
[[File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg|thumb|Turkmenistan is the tenth most water-stressed country in the world.]]
Turkmenistan has a [[cold desert climate]] that is severely [[continental climate|continental]].<ref name=":0" /> Summers are long (from May through September), hot, and dry, while winters generally are mild and dry, although occasionally cold and damp in the north.<ref name=":0" /> Most precipitation falls between January and May; precipitation is slight throughout the country, with annual averages ranging from {{convert|300|mm|in|1|sp=us}} in the [[Kopet Dag]] to {{convert|80|mm|in|2|sp=us}} in the northwest.<ref name=":0" /> The capital, [[Ashgabat]], close to the Iranian border in south-central Turkmenistan, averages {{convert|225|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of rainfall annually.<ref name=":0" /> Average annual temperatures range from {{convert|17.5|°C}} in Ashgabat to {{convert|12.8|°C}} in [[Daşoguz]], on the Uzbek border in north-central Turkmenistan.<ref name=":0" /> The almost constant winds are northerly, northeasterly, or westerly.<ref name=":0" />

On 28 July 1983, [[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], south of [[Türkmenabat]], recorded a temperature of {{convert|50.1|C|F|abbr=on}}, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Turkmenistan.<ref name=TurmenistanCCRepetek>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025032759/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCDRepetek>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archive-date=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

===Examples===
{{Weather box
|width = auto 
|location = [[Ashgabat]] (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan record high C = 27.8
|Feb record high C = 32.6
|Mar record high C = 38.6
|Apr record high C = 39.6
|May record high C = 45.6
|Jun record high C = 47.2
|Jul record high C = 46.8
|Aug record high C = 45.7
|Sep record high C = 45.4
|Oct record high C = 40.1
|Nov record high C = 35.0
|Dec record high C = 33.1
|Jan high C = 9.0
|Feb high C = 11.1
|Mar high C = 17.0
|Apr high C = 23.9
|May high C = 30.5
|Jun high C = 36.2
|Jul high C = 38.4
|Aug high C = 37.2
|Sep high C = 31.8
|Oct high C = 24.4
|Nov high C = 15.7
|Dec high C = 9.8
|Jan mean C = 3.9
|Feb mean C = 5.7
|Mar mean C = 11.1
|Apr mean C = 17.6
|May mean C = 24.1
|Jun mean C = 29.6
|Jul mean C = 31.7
|Aug mean C = 30.0
|Sep mean C = 24.3
|Oct mean C = 17.1
|Nov mean C = 9.7
|Dec mean C = 5.0
|Jan low C = -0.1
|Feb low C = 1.3
|Mar low C = 6.0
|Apr low C = 11.8
|May low C = 17.5
|Jun low C = 22.3
|Jul low C = 24.5
|Aug low C = 22.4
|Sep low C = 17.1
|Oct low C = 10.8
|Nov low C = 5.0
|Dec low C = 1.1
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -24.1
|Feb record low C = −20.8
|Mar record low C = −13.3
|Apr record low C = -0.8
|May record low C = 1.3
|Jun record low C = 9.2
|Jul record low C = 13.8
|Aug record low C = 9.5
|Sep record low C = 2.0
|Oct record low C = -5.0
|Nov record low C = −13.1
|Dec record low C = −18.1
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 21
|Feb precipitation mm = 33
|Mar precipitation mm = 42
|Apr precipitation mm = 33
|May precipitation mm = 23
|Jun precipitation mm = 8
|Jul precipitation mm = 3
|Aug precipitation mm = 2
|Sep precipitation mm = 3
|Oct precipitation mm = 12
|Nov precipitation mm = 23
|Dec precipitation mm = 18
|Jan humidity = 78
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 66
|Apr humidity = 58
|May humidity = 47
|Jun humidity = 35
|Jul humidity = 34
|Aug humidity = 34
|Sep humidity = 40
|Oct humidity = 54
|Nov humidity = 68
|Dec humidity = 77
|year humidity = 55
|Jan rain days = 9
|Feb rain days = 9
|Mar rain days = 13
|Apr rain days = 12
|May rain days = 10
|Jun rain days = 5
|Jul rain days = 3
|Aug rain days = 2
|Sep rain days = 3
|Oct rain days = 6
|Nov rain days = 8
|Dec rain days = 10
|year rain days = 90
|Jan snow days = 5
|Feb snow days = 5
|Mar snow days = 1
|Apr snow days = 0.03
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 1
|Dec snow days = 3
|year snow days = 15
|Jan sun = 112.7
|Feb sun = 119.4
|Mar sun = 146.2
|Apr sun = 194.4
|May sun = 275.1
|Jun sun = 335.5
|Jul sun = 353.8
|Aug sun = 348.1
|Sep sun = 289.2
|Oct sun = 216.8
|Nov sun = 157.2
|Dec sun = 104.4
|year sun = 2652.8
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=Ashgabatpogoda>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38880.htm
|script-title=ru:Погода и Климат 
| publisher = Pogodaiklimat.ru
| language = ru
| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref> 
|source 2 = NOAA (Sunshine hours 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAAAshgabat >{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/TX/38880.TXT
| title = Ashgabat Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 22 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Turkmenbashi]] (1981–2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan record high C = 20.7
|Feb record high C = 23.3
|Mar record high C = 29.0
|Apr record high C = 36.0
|May record high C = 40.7
|Jun record high C = 43.3
|Jul record high C = 44.7
|Aug record high C = 44.5
|Sep record high C = 43.5
|Oct record high C = 33.4
|Nov record high C = 28.1
|Dec record high C = 24.6
|year record high C = 44.7
|Jan high C = 7.5
|Feb high C = 8.7
|Mar high C = 13.1
|Apr high C = 19.9
|May high C = 25.8
|Jun high C = 31.6
|Jul high C = 34.6
|Aug high C = 34.5
|Sep high C = 29.3
|Oct high C = 21.5
|Nov high C = 14.2
|Dec high C = 9.1
|year high C = 20.8
|Jan mean C = 3.3
|Feb mean C = 3.9
|Mar mean C = 7.7
|Apr mean C = 13.7
|May mean C = 19.5
|Jun mean C = 25.1
|Jul mean C = 28.2
|Aug mean C = 28.0
|Sep mean C = 22.7
|Oct mean C = 15.4
|Nov mean C = 9.3
|Dec mean C = 4.9
|year mean C = 15.1
|Jan low C = -0.3
|Feb low C = -0.2
|Mar low C = 3.2
|Apr low C = 8.5
|May low C = 13.6
|Jun low C = 18.9
|Jul low C = 22.2
|Aug low C = 22.0
|Sep low C = 16.7
|Oct low C = 10.0
|Nov low C = 5.0
|Dec low C = 1.2
|year low C = 10.1
|Jan record low C = -21.5
|Feb record low C = -21.9
|Mar record low C = -12.6
|Apr record low C = -2.6
|May record low C = 0.9
|Jun record low C = 6.6
|Jul record low C = 14.1
|Aug record low C = 10.2
|Sep record low C = 3.3
|Oct record low C = -3.1
|Nov record low C = -12.1
|Dec record low C = -16.3
|year record low C = -21.9
|Jan precipitation mm = 12
|Feb precipitation mm = 13
|Mar precipitation mm = 17
|Apr precipitation mm = 16
|May precipitation mm = 9
|Jun precipitation mm = 3
|Jul precipitation mm = 2
|Aug precipitation mm = 5
|Sep precipitation mm = 5
|Oct precipitation mm = 11
|Nov precipitation mm = 19
|Dec precipitation mm = 14
|year precipitation mm = 126
|Jan humidity = 76
|Feb humidity = 72
|Mar humidity = 68
|Apr humidity = 63
|May humidity = 56
|Jun humidity = 50
|Jul humidity = 49
|Aug humidity = 44
|Sep humidity = 46
|Oct humidity = 58
|Nov humidity = 72
|Dec humidity = 75
|year humidity = 61
| Jan rain days = 8
| Feb rain days = 7
| Mar rain days = 8
| Apr rain days = 8
| May rain days = 6
| Jun rain days = 3
| Jul rain days = 2
| Aug rain days = 3
| Sep rain days = 3
| Oct rain days = 6
| Nov rain days = 8
| Dec rain days = 8
|year rain days = 70
|Jan snow days = 4
|Feb snow days = 4
|Mar snow days = 1
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0
|Dec snow days = 2
|year snow days = 11
|Jan sun = 136.6
|Feb sun = 139.0
|Mar sun = 172.6
|Apr sun = 227.0
|May sun = 303.2
|Jun sun = 347.0
|Jul sun = 344.0
|Aug sun = 330.2
|Sep sun = 294.1
|Oct sun = 228.8
|Nov sun = 161.9
|Dec sun = 124.0
|year sun = 2808.4
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net <ref name= pogodaturkmenbashi>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161206182208/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38507.htm
| archive-date = December 6, 2016
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38507.htm
| title = Weather and Climate- The Climate of Turkmenbashi
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru
| access-date = December 6, 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name= TurkembashiNOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/TX/38507.TXT
| title = Turkmenbashy Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = April 1, 2015}}</ref>
|date=November 2012
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = [[Balkanabat]]
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan high C = 7.9
|Feb high C = 10.0
|Mar high C = 15.8
|Apr high C = 23.7
|May high C = 30.3
|Jun high C = 35.4
|Jul high C = 38.1
|Aug high C = 37.2
|Sep high C = 31.9
|Oct high C = 23.2
|Nov high C = 16.4
|Dec high C = 9.9
|year high C = 23.3
|Jan mean C = 3.2
|Feb mean C = 4.6
|Mar mean C = 10.0
|Apr mean C = 17.3
|May mean C = 23.6
|Jun mean C = 28.8
|Jul mean C = 31.5
|Aug mean C = 31.1
|Sep mean C = 25.9
|Oct mean C = 17.5
|Nov mean C = 11.1
|Dec mean C = 5.5
|year mean C = 17.5
|Jan low C = -0.6
|Feb low C = 0.4
|Mar low C = 5.4
|Apr low C = 11.9
|May low C = 17.8
|Jun low C = 22.5
|Jul low C = 25.7
|Aug low C = 25.5
|Sep low C = 19.7
|Oct low C = 12.2
|Nov low C = 6.8
|Dec low C = 1.9
|year low C = 12.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 11
|Feb precipitation mm = 14
|Mar precipitation mm = 21
|Apr precipitation mm = 19
|May precipitation mm = 17
|Jun precipitation mm = 5
|Jul precipitation mm = 8
|Aug precipitation mm = 2
|Sep precipitation mm = 4
|Oct precipitation mm = 12
|Nov precipitation mm = 14
|Dec precipitation mm = 16
|year precipitation mm = 143
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6
|Feb precipitation days = 5
|Mar precipitation days = 7
|Apr precipitation days = 6
|May precipitation days = 4
|Jun precipitation days = 2
|Jul precipitation days = 2
|Aug precipitation days = 1
|Sep precipitation days = 2
|Oct precipitation days = 4
|Nov precipitation days = 5
|Dec precipitation days = 7
|year precipitation days = 51
|Jan humidity = 68
|Feb humidity = 63
|Mar humidity = 56
|Apr humidity = 50
|May humidity = 43
|Jun humidity = 38
|Jul humidity = 41
|Aug humidity = 34
|Sep humidity = 34
|Oct humidity = 46
|Nov humidity = 58
|Dec humidity = 70
|year humidity = 50
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAABalkanabat >
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/TX/38634.TXT
| title = Nebitdag (Balkanabat) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 9 March 2017}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location= [[Türkmenabat]]
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|collapsed= Yes 
|Jan record high C = 24.0
|Feb record high C = 28.4
|Mar record high C = 33.9
|Apr record high C = 40.3
|May record high C = 42.2
|Jun record high C = 44.0
|Jul record high C = 46.2
|Aug record high C = 43.0
|Sep record high C = 40.4
|Oct record high C = 35.6
|Nov record high C = 31.3
|Dec record high C = 25.7
|Jan high C = 6.8
|Feb high C = 10.0
|Mar high C = 16.0
|Apr high C = 24.4
|May high C = 30.4
|Jun high C = 34.8
|Jul high C = 36.4
|Aug high C = 34.5
|Sep high C = 29.7
|Oct high C = 22.6
|Nov high C = 15.0
|Dec high C = 8.3
|Jan mean C = 1.0
|Feb mean C = 3.7
|Mar mean C = 9.2
|Apr mean C = 17.1
|May mean C = 23.3
|Jun mean C = 27.6
|Jul mean C = 29.3
|Aug mean C = 26.9
|Sep mean C = 21.2
|Oct mean C = 13.9
|Nov mean C = 7.6
|Dec mean C = 2.7
|Jan low C = -3.3
|Feb low C = -1.1
|Mar low C = 3.6
|Apr low C = 10.4
|May low C = 15.7
|Jun low C = 19.5
|Jul low C = 21.4
|Aug low C = 19.0
|Sep low C = 13.1
|Oct low C = 6.6
|Nov low C = 1.7
|Dec low C = -1.8
|Jan record low C = -23.8
|Feb record low C = -22.2
|Mar record low C = -16.3
|Apr record low C = -4.6
|May record low C = 0.8
|Jun record low C = 9.4
|Jul record low C = 11.2
|Aug record low C = 9.1
|Sep record low C = 2.8
|Oct record low C = -9.5
|Nov record low C = -19.8
|Dec record low C = -23.4
|Jan precipitation mm = 19
|Feb precipitation mm = 17.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 26.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 22.4
|May precipitation mm = 10.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 1.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 1.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 4.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 9.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 16.1
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.3
|Feb precipitation days = 5.8
|Mar precipitation days = 5.6
|Apr precipitation days = 4.7
|May precipitation days = 2.0
|Jun precipitation days = 0.5
|Jul precipitation days = 0.2
|Aug precipitation days = 0.3
|Sep precipitation days = 0.2
|Oct precipitation days = 1.5
|Nov precipitation days = 5.2
|Dec precipitation days = 6.3
|Jan humidity = 76.9
|Feb humidity = 69.6
|Mar humidity = 59.4
|Apr humidity = 51.4
|May humidity = 43.1
|Jun humidity = 36.0
|Jul humidity = 37.4
|Aug humidity = 38.1
|Sep humidity = 43.3
|Oct humidity = 54.4
|Nov humidity = 69.3
|Dec humidity = 77.2
|Jan sun = 131.8
|Feb sun = 153.2
|Mar sun = 197.6
|Apr sun = 242.1
|May sun = 330.3
|Jun sun = 384.5
|Jul sun = 395.3
|Aug sun = 379.1
|Sep sun = 322.7
|Oct sun = 267.7
|Nov sun = 193.7
|Dec sun = 132.0
|source 1 = climatebase.ru<ref name="Turkmenabatclimatebase">{{cite web|title=Chardzhou, Turkmenistan|url=http://climatebase.ru/station/38687/?lang=en|publisher=Climatebase.ru|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (1961-1990)<ref name="TurkmenabatNOAA">{{cite web|title=Climate Normals for Charjew|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/TX/38687.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=38687&ano=2021&mes=7&day=8&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30 |title=38687: Chardzhev (Turkmenistan) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 8 July 2021|website=ogimet.com |publisher=[[OGIMET]] |access-date= 8 July 2021|quote=}}</ref>
|date=February 2013
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto 
|location = [[Erbent]] (1961–1990 normals)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan high C = 5.5
|Feb high C = 8.7
|Mar high C = 15.9
|Apr high C = 24.5
|May high C = 31.4
|Jun high C = 37.0
|Jul high C = 39.1
|Aug high C = 37.2
|Sep high C = 31.6
|Oct high C = 22.7
|Nov high C = 15.2
|Dec high C = 7.9
|year high C = 23.1
|Jan mean C = 0.1
|Feb mean C = 2.6
|Mar mean C = 9.2
|Apr mean C = 17.3
|May mean C = 24.1
|Jun mean C = 29.8
|Jul mean C = 32.4
|Aug mean C = 30.0
|Sep mean C = 23.8
|Oct mean C = 15.1
|Nov mean C = 8.5
|Dec mean C = 2.6
|year mean C = 16.3
|Jan low C = -3.9
|Feb low C = -2.0
|Mar low C = 4.0
|Apr low C = 11.2
|May low C = 16.9
|Jun low C = 22.0
|Jul low C = 24.6
|Aug low C = 21.8
|Sep low C = 15.8
|Oct low C = 8.3
|Nov low C = 3.1
|Dec low C = -1.3
|year low C = 10.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 13
|Feb precipitation mm = 11
|Mar precipitation mm = 22
|Apr precipitation mm = 22
|May precipitation mm = 13
|Jun precipitation mm = 4
|Jul precipitation mm = 2
|Aug precipitation mm = 1
|Sep precipitation mm = 2
|Oct precipitation mm = 6
|Nov precipitation mm = 10
|Dec precipitation mm = 13
|year precipitation mm = 119
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 5
|Feb precipitation days = 4
|Mar precipitation days = 6
|Apr precipitation days = 6
|May precipitation days = 4
|Jun precipitation days = 1
|Jul precipitation days = 1
|Aug precipitation days = 1
|Sep precipitation days = 1
|Oct precipitation days = 3
|Nov precipitation days = 4
|Dec precipitation days = 6
|year precipitation days = 42
|Jan humidity = 73
|Feb humidity = 63
|Mar humidity = 54
|Apr humidity = 46
|May humidity = 33
|Jun humidity = 26
|Jul humidity = 26
|Aug humidity = 25
|Sep humidity = 30
|Oct humidity = 43
|Nov humidity = 59
|Dec humidity = 74
|year humidity = 46
|Jan sun = 137.4
|Feb sun = 155.1
|Mar sun = 198.9
|Apr sun = 228.9
|May sun = 306.4
|Jun sun = 363.3
|Jul sun = 376.3
|Aug sun = 367.0
|Sep sun = 321.9
|Oct sun = 249.0
|Nov sun = 187.6
|Dec sun = 131.0
|year sun = 3022.8
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = YerbentNOAA >
{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/TX/38656.TXT
| title = Yerbent (Erbent) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 9 March 2017}}</ref>
}}

===Hydrological conditions===
Almost 80% of the territory of Turkmenistan lacks a constant source of surface water flow.<ref name=":0" /> Its main rivers are located only in the southern and eastern peripheries; a few smaller rivers on the northern slopes of the Kopetdag are diverted entirely to irrigation.<ref name=":0" /> The most important river is the Amu Darya, which has a total length of {{Convert|2,540|km|abbr=on|sp=us}} from its farthest tributary, making it the longest river in Central Asia.<ref name=":0" /> The Amu Darya flows across northeastern Turkmenistan, thence eastward to form the southern borders of Uzbekistan and [[Tajikistan]].<ref name=":0" /> Damming and irrigation uses of the Amu Darya have had severe environmental effects on the [[Aral Sea]], into which the river flows.<ref name=":0" /> The river's average annual flow is {{Convert|1,940|m3/s|sp=us}}.<ref name=":0" /> Other major rivers are the [[Hari River, Afghanistan|Tejen]] ({{Convert|1,124|km|abbr=on|sp=us|disp=or}}); the [[Murgab River (Afghanistan)|Murgab]] ({{Convert|852|km|abbr=on|sp=us|disp=or}}); and the [[Atrek River|Atrek]] ({{Convert|660|km|abbr=on|sp=us|disp=or|sigfig=3}}).<ref name=":0" />