Editing Gavrilo Princip (section)

== Joining Young Bosnia ==
Following the annexation of the region by the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1908, Bosnia, like the other southern Slavic states under imperial rule, yearned for independence. As a result, various student groups emerged interested in movements such as [[romantic nationalism]], [[nihilism]], or [[Anti-imperialism|anti imperialism]], while at school and through his roommate [[Danilo Ilić]], Princip was also exposed to [[socialist]], [[anarchist]], and [[communist]] writing.{{sfn|Fabijančić|2010|p=24}} Princip started to associate with like-minded young nationalist revolutionaries and came to admire [[Bogdan Žerajić]], a [[Bosnian Serb]] who had attempted to assassinate the Austro-Hungarian [[Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], before taking his own life.{{sfn|Schlesser|2005|p=96}} Žerajić, who was from Herzegovina like Princip, came to epitomize, in the eyes of many, the ideal of self sacrifice. On the anniversary of his death, Serb youths from Sarajevo started to visit his grave to lay flowers.{{sfn | Donia | 2006 | p=112}} According to [[Luigi Albertini]], this is where, after spending nights reflecting at the grave, that Princip resolved to participate in his own attack.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Albertini |first=Luigi |author-link=Luigi Albertini |title=Origins of the War of 1914 |page=50 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1953 |oclc=168712}}</ref> In 1911, Princip graduated from the fourth grade and joined [[Young Bosnia]] ({{langx|sr|Mlada Bosna}}), a society with members from all three major Bosnian ethnic groups,{{sfn | Butcher | 2015 | p=18}} that sought the liberation of Bosnia from Austro-Hungarian rule and the unification of all Southern Slavs in a common nation.{{sfn|Roider|2005|p=936}} Some believed that the newly independent [[Kingdom of Serbia]], as the free part of the south Slavs, was obligated to help unify the southern Slavic peoples. Because the local authorities had forbidden students to form organisations and clubs, Princip and other members of Young Bosnia met in secret. During their meetings, they discussed [[literature]], [[ethics]] and [[politics]].{{sfn|Schlesser|2005|p=96}}

On 18 February 1912, Princip took part in a demonstration against the Habsburg authority in Sarajevo, organised by Luka Jukić, a Croat student from Bosnia.{{efn|On 8 June 1912 Luka Jukić would attempt to assassinate the Governor of Croatia, Count [[Slavko Cuvaj]],{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=262}} this would have a considerable influence on Princip.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=277}}}} The demonstrators burned a Hungarian flag and many were injured and arrested by the police. During the scuffle Princip was hit with a sabre and his clothes were torn.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=265}} The following day the students declared a general strike, and for the first time in Bosnian history, Croats, Serbs and Muslims took part together.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=265}} A student present that day claimed that "Princip went from class to class, threatening with his [[brass knuckles|knuckle-duster]] all the boys who wavered in coming to the new demonstrations."{{sfn|Malcolm|1994|p=154}} As a result of his conduct and his involvement in the demonstrations against Austro-Hungarian authorities, Princip was expelled from school{{sfn|Kidner|Bucur|Mathisen|McKee|2013|p=756}} and in the spring of 1912 decided to go to Belgrade, making the 280-kilometre (170&nbsp;mi) journey on foot. According to one account, he fell to his knees and kissed the ground upon crossing the border into Serbia. Having left Sarajevo without telling his brother, Princip lived without money and in difficult conditions alongside other Bosnian students. In June 1912, he went to the First Belgrade [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] to take the fifth grade exam which he failed.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=196}}

[[File:Princip & Grabich & Chabrinovich.jpg|thumb|right|Three-man assassination team: (right to left) Gavrilo Princip, [[Nedeljko Čabrinović]] and [[Trifko Grabež]] in [[Kalemegdan Park]], Belgrade, c. May 1914.]]

When war broke out between the Balkan states and Turkey in October 1912, Princip went to a recruitment office in Belgrade to volunteer his service with the {{lang|sr|komite}}, the irregular Serbian units. Upon being rejected because of his small build, he traveled to a different recruitment office this time in [[Prokuplje]], north of the Turkish frontier in southern Serbia.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=196}} After taking one look at him, Major [[Vojislav Tankosić]], the commander of all [[Chetniks in the Balkan Wars|Komite]] units, rejected him for being too small and looking too weak.{{sfn|Glenny|2012|p= 250}} Humiliated, Princip returned first briefly to Belgrade then back to the village of Hadžići. According to [[Vladimir Dedijer]], his failure to be accepted in the army on the account that he looked weak, was one of the primary motives which pushed Princip to do something exceptionally brave.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=196}} In the South Slav lands, the unexpected success of the Serbian army resulted in numerous celebrations and demonstrations of support. In reaction on 2 May 1913, while Princip was in Sarajevo, the Austro-Hungarian Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina General [[Oskar Potiorek|Potiorek]] declared a [[state of emergency]], suspended the 1910 constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, implemented [[martial law]], seized control of all schools, and prohibited all Serb public, cultural, and educational societies.{{sfn|Schlesser|2005|p=97}}

In the summer of 1913 Princip passed the fifth and sixth grades of high school,{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=197}} then in early 1914 he left Sarajevo for Belgrade, stopping briefly in his village to see his parents.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=284}} While in Belgrade preparing for his sixth-class examinations in the [[First Belgrade Gymnasium|First Belgrade High School]], Princip was shown by his friend [[Nedeljko Čabrinović]] a newspaper cutting announcing [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]]'s visit to Bosnia in June.{{sfn|Sageman|2017|p=343}} Princip decided to lead a group of assassins back to Bosnia and attack the Archduke during his official visit to Sarajevo.{{sfn|Butcher|2015|p=251}} He convinced Čabrinović and his old schoolfriend [[Trifko Grabež]] to join the plot. They also talked about killing Oskar Potiorek, the provincial governor, as a means of protest against the emergency régime. To find weapons, Princip asked his Bosnian Muslim friend, Djulaga Bukovac, a veteran of the Balkan wars.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=288}} Bukovac introduced them to [[Milan Ciganović]], another Bosnian expatriate who had fought under Major Tankosić during the [[Second Balkan War]]. Ciganović was also a [[freemason]]{{efn|The fact that Ciganović was a freemason would later lead the Austro-Hungarian authorities to argue that the plot to kill the Archduke was also hatched by the Freemasons.{{sfn | Butcher | 2015 | p=253}}}} and an associate of the Black Hand, the secretive, ultra-nationalist Serbian group responsible for the [[May Coup (Serbia)|regicide of 1903]].{{sfn|Butcher|2015|p=252}} Ciganović then approached Tankosić, another Black Hand member of Bosnian descent, from whom he obtained the weapons.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=292}} 

On 27 May 1914, Ciganović supplied the three young Bosnians with five Browning pistols, six grenades, and several vials of poison.{{sfn|Butcher|2015|p=255}} Ciganović took the would-be assassins to [[Topčider]] forest, just outside the centre of Belgrade, training them on how to use the weapons. Princip proved to be the best marksman.{{sfn|Butcher|2015|p=253}} The three-man assassination team left Belgrade on 28 May 1914, taking a river boat that took them to [[Šabac]], they then split up crossing separately the border into Bosnia.{{sfn|Butcher|2015|p=253}} Each of them was carrying two bombs tied around their waist as well as pistols, ammunition and a bottle of [[cyanide]] in their pockets.{{sfn|Dedijer|1966|p=295}} Before leaving Serbia, Princip wrote to his former roommate in Sarajevo Danilo Ilić, to notify him of his assassination plan and to ask him to recruit more people. Ilić recruited [[Muhamed Mehmedbašić]], a Bosnian Muslim carpenter, Cvetko Popović, and [[Vaso Čubrilović]], both Bosnian Serb students aged eighteen and seventeen.{{sfn|Butcher|2015|p=269}}