Editing Gardening (section)

=== The Americas ===
There are long traditions of gardening within [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous societies]] spanning from the northernmost parts of [[Canada]] down to the southernmost tip of [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sapiens |date=2022-04-20 |title=The Yaghan Rise Again |url=https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/the-yaghan-rise-again/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=SAPIENS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Burning the Land" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Norton |first1=C. H. |last2=Cuerrier |first2=A. |last3=Hermanutz |first3=L. |date=2021 |title=People and Plants in Nunatsiavut (Labrador, Canada): Examining Plants as a Foundational Aspect of Culture in the Subarctic |journal=Economic Botany |volume=75 |issue=3–4 |pages=287–301 |doi=10.1007/s12231-021-09530-7 |issn=0013-0001 |pmc=8888477 |pmid=35273405|bibcode=2021EcBot..75..287N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dmjj |title=Wild Harvest: Plants in the Hominin and Pre-Agrarian Human Worlds |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh1dmjj |jstor=j.ctvh1dmjj |isbn=978-1-78570-123-8}}</ref> The [[Arctic]] and [[Subarctic]] societies relied primarily on [[hunting]] and [[fishing]] due to the harsh climate, although they have been known to collectively use at least 311 different plants as foods or medicines.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Norton |first=Christian H. |title=Inuit Ethnobotany in the North American Subarctic and Arctic: Celebrating a Rich History and Expanding Research into New Areas Using Biocultural Diversity |date=13 March 2019 |degree=Master's |publisher=Université de Montréal |hdl=1866/22249 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/1866/22249}}</ref> The substantial knowledge and use of these plants along with the communal harvesting sites and emphasis on [[Reciprocity (evolution)|reciprocity]] between humans and plants indicates a basic level of gardening.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weber |first=John T. |date=February 2022 |title=Traditional uses and beneficial effects of various species of berry-producing plants in eastern Canada |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjb-2021-0086 |journal=Botany |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=175–182 |doi=10.1139/cjb-2021-0086 |bibcode=2022Botan.100..175W |issn=1916-2790}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Migicovsky |first1=Zoë |last2=Amyotte |first2=Beatrice |last3=Ulrich |first3=Jens |last4=Smith |first4=Tyler W. |last5=Turner |first5=Nancy J. |last6=Pico |first6=Joana |last7=Ciotir |first7=Claudia |last8=Sharifi |first8=Mehdi |last9=Meldrum |first9=Gennifer |last10=Stormes |first10=Ben |last11=Moreau |first11=Tara |date=November 2022 |title=Berries as a case study for crop wild relative conservation, use, and public engagement in Canada |journal=Plants, People, Planet |language=en |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=558–578 |doi=10.1002/ppp3.10291 |issn=2572-2611|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boulanger-Lapointe |first1=Noémie |last2=Gérin-Lajoie |first2=José |last3=Siegwart Collier |first3=Laura |last4=Desrosiers |first4=Sarah |last5=Spiech |first5=Carmen |last6=Henry |first6=Gregory H. R. |last7=Hermanutz |first7=Luise |last8=Lévesque |first8=Esther |last9=Cuerrier |first9=Alain |date=2019-02-01 |title=Berry Plants and Berry Picking in Inuit Nunangat: Traditions in a Changing Socio-Ecological Landscape |journal=Human Ecology |language=en |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=81–93 |doi=10.1007/s10745-018-0044-5 |issn=1572-9915|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019HumEc..47...81B }}</ref> Similarly, the [[Fuegians|Fuegian]] Indigenous groups in South America had developed seemingly comparable niches due to a similar tundra ecosystem. While there are very few studies on the Fuegians, [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] mentioned wild edible plants such as [[Fungus|fungi]], [[kelp]], and wild [[celery]] growing next to the various Fuegian shelters.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_36/April_1890/Darwin_on_the_Fuegians_and_Patagonians |title=Popular Science Monthly Volume 36 April 1890}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A short Account of Tierra del Fuego and its Inhabitants, by Thomas Bridges |url=https://patlibros.org/tdf/doc.php |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=patlibros.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Botanik online: PUBLIC DOMAIN - Charles Darwin - The Voyage of the Beagle - Chapter 10 |url=https://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d36_beag/chapter10.htm |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de}}</ref>
[[File:Indian_garden_from_Histoire_Naturelle_des_Indes.jpg|left|thumb|197x197px|From the Drake manuscript, this is a drawing done by an anonymous Frenchman in the 16th century. It shows an Indigenous garden planted with papaya, pineapple, maize, beans, and cucurbits.]]
Horticulture plays a relatively small role in these northern and southern tundra inhabitants compared with Indigenous societies in [[grassland]] and [[forest]] ecosystems. From the [[Boreal forest of Canada|boreal forests]] of Canada to the temperate forests and grasslands of Chile and Argentina, different communities have developed food production niches. These include the use of fire for ecosystem maintenance and resetting [[Ecological succession|successional]] sequences, the sowing of wild annuals, the sowing of domesticated annuals (e.g. [[Three Sisters (agriculture)|three sisters]], [[New World crops]]), creating berry patches and orchards, manipulation of plants to encourage desired traits(e.g. increased nut, fruit, or root production), and landscape modification to encourage plant and animal growth (e.g. complex [[irrigation]], [[Clam garden|sea gardens]], or [[Terrace (earthworks)|terraces]]).<ref name="Smith-2011"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaVTxjrbIFQC&pg=PR5 |title=Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms |date=2006-06-20 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24638-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Gardens Across the Pacific |url=https://www.seagardens.net/ |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Sea Gardens Across the Pacific |language=en-US}}</ref> These modified landscapes as recorded by early American [[Philosophy|philosophers]] such as [[Henry David Thoreau|Thoreau]], and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Emmerson]] were described as exhibiting pristine beauty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walden, or, Life in the woods |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/17029241/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson {{!}} Essay |url=https://emersoncentral.com/texts/nature-addresses-lectures/nature2/chapter1-nature/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Ralph Waldo Emerson |language=en-US}}</ref> Indigenous gardens such as forest gardens therefore do not only serve as a producer of foods, medicines, or materials, but also pleasant aesthetics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=John |date=2008-01-01 |title=Landscape Aesthetics, Water, and Settler Colonialism in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jea/vol12/iss1/2 |journal=Journal of Ecological Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=22–38 |doi=10.5038/2162-4593.12.1.2 |issn=1528-6509}}</ref>

Many popular crops originate from pre-colonial Indigenous agricultural societies. Some of these include [[maize]], [[quinoa]], [[Phaseolus vulgaris|common bean]], [[peanut]], [[pumpkin]], [[Cucurbita|squash]], [[Capsicum|pepper]], [[tomato]], [[cassava]], [[potato]], [[blueberry]], [[Opuntia|cactus pear]], [[cashew]], [[papaya]], [[pineapple]], [[strawberry]], [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]], [[Common sunflower|sunflower]], [[cotton]], [[Hevea brasiliensis|Pará rubber]], and [[tobacco]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |date=2013-04-01 |title=Development of New World Crops by Indigenous Americans |url=https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/48/4/article-p406.xml |journal=HortScience |language=en-US |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=406–412 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.48.4.406 |issn=0018-5345|doi-access=free }}</ref>