Editing Garage rock (section)

==Recognition and classification==
{{See also|Punk rock#Etymology and classification}}
[[File:The Music Machine.png|thumb|[[The Music Machine]], featuring [[Sean Bonniwell]], in 1966]]

In the 1960s, garage rock had no name and was not thought of as a genre distinct from other rock and roll of the era.{{sfn|Markesich|2012|pp=5, 294}}  Rock critic and future [[Patti Smith Group]] guitarist [[Lenny Kaye]] remarked that the period "dashed by so fast that nobody knew much of what to make of it while it was around".{{sfn|Kaye|1972}}  In the early 1970s, Kaye and other US rock critics, such as [[Dave Marsh]], [[Lester Bangs]], and [[Greg Shaw]], began to retroactively draw attention to the music, speaking nostalgically of mid-1960s garage bands (and subsequent artists then perceived to be their stylistic inheritors) for the first time as a genre.{{sfnm|1a1=Shaw|1y=1973|1p=68|2a1=Laing|2y=2015|2pp=22–23}}

"Garage rock" was not the initial name applied to the style.{{sfn|Markesich|2012|p=295}}  In the early 1970s such critics used the term "[[punk rock#Etymology|punk rock]]" to characterize it,{{sfnm|1a1=Laing|1y=2015|1pp=21–23|2a1=Bangs|2y=2003|2pp=8, 56–57, 61, 64, 101, 113, 225}} making it the first musical form to bear the description.{{sfn|Laing|2015|pp=22–23}}  While the coinage of the term "punk" in relation to rock music is unknown,{{sfn|Laing|2015|p=21}} it was sometimes used then to describe primitive or rudimentary rock musicianship,{{sfn|Flanagan|2014}}{{efn|Used in this sense, the term is detectable as early as 1968 in [[the Mothers of Invention|Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention]]'s song "Flower Punk", which, amongst other things, parodies amateur musicians and mimics the lyrics of garage rock staple "[[Hey Joe]]".<ref name="pc42">{{Gilliland |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19801/m1/ |title=Show 42 - The Acid Test: Psychedelics and a sub-culture emerge in San Francisco. [Part 2] |show=42 |track=1}}</ref>}} but more specifically 1960s garage as a style.{{sfnm|1a1=Shaw|1y=1973|1p=68|2a1=Laing|2y=2015|2pp=22–23}}  In the May 1971 issue of ''[[Creem]]'', Dave Marsh described a performance by [[?&nbsp;and the Mysterians]] as an "exposition of punk rock".{{sfn|Shapiro|2006|p=492}}  Conjuring up the mid-1960s, Lester Bangs in June 1971 wrote "...then punk bands started cropping up who were writing their own songs but taking the Yardbirds' sound and reducing it to this kind of goony fuzztone clatter&nbsp;... oh, it was beautiful, it was pure folklore, Old America, and sometimes I think those were the best days ever".{{sfn|Bangs|2003|p=8}}

Much of the revival of interest in 1960s garage rock can be traced to the release of the 1972 album ''[[Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era|Nuggets]]'' compiled by Lenny Kaye.{{sfnm|1a1=Unterberger|1y=1998|1p=69|2a1=Smith|2y=2009|2pp=96–98|3a1=Hicks|3y=1999|3pp=106–107}} In the liner notes, Kaye used "punk rock" as a collective term for 1960s garage bands and also "garage-punk" to describe a song recorded in 1966 by the Shadows of Knight.{{sfn|Kaye|1972}}  In the January 1973 ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' review of ''Nuggets'', [[Greg Shaw]] commented: "Punk rock is a fascinating genre ... Punk rock at its best is the closest we came in the 1960s to the original rockabilly spirit of rock &  roll."{{sfn|Shaw|1973|p=68}}  In addition to ''Rolling Stone'' and ''Creem'', writings about the genre appeared in various independent "fanzine" publications during the period.{{sfn|Laing|2015|p=23}}  In May 1973, Billy Altman launched the short-lived ''punk magazine'',{{efn|Letters in title were not capitalized.[http://black2com.blogspot.com/2010/04/punk-volume-1-number-1-fanzine.html]}}{{sfn|Laing|2015|p=23}} which pre-dated the more familiar [[Punk (magazine)|1975 publication of the same name]], but, unlike the later magazine, was largely devoted to discussion of 1960s garage and psychedelic acts.{{sfn|Laing|2015|p=23}}  Greg Shaw's seasonal publication, ''[[Bomp! Records#Magazine|Who Put the Bomp!]]'', was influential amongst enthusiasts and collectors of the genre in the early 1970s.{{sfn|Markesich|2012|pp=38–39}}

Though the phrase "punk rock" was the favored generic term in the early 1970s,{{sfn|Laing|2015|pp=22–23}} "garage band" was also mentioned in reference to groups.{{sfn|Flanagan|2014}}  In ''Rolling Stone'' in March 1971, [[John Mendelsohn (musician)|John Mendelsohn]] made an oblique reference to "every last punk teenage garage band having its Own Original Approach".{{sfn|Flanagan|2014}}  The term "punk rock" was later appropriated by the more commonly-known [[punk rock]] movement that emerged in the mid-1970s{{sfnm|1a1=Markesich|1y=2012|1p=295|2a1=Aaron|2y=2013|2p=51}} and is now most commonly applied to groups associated with that movement or who followed in its wake.{{sfn|Markesich|2012|pp=294–296}}  For the 1960s style, the term "garage rock" came into favor in the 1980s.{{sfnm|1a1=Markesich|1y=2012|1p=295|2a1=Bangs|2y=1981|2pp=261–264}}{{efn|The term "garage rock" was used as early as 1977 by Lester Bangs to describe punk band [[the Dead Boys]] in an article appearing in the October 24 edition of ''The Village Voice''.{{sfn|Bangs|2003a|p=108}} Bangs describes the Dead Boys as "classic trashy garage rock".  However, it is difficult to determine whether it was used in quite the same generic sense it is now.  Bangs' subsequent 1981 essay "Protopunk: The Garage Bands", which appeared in ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', does use the term "garage bands" to describe 1960s groups,{{sfn|Bangs|1981|pp=261-264}} but not the term "garage rock", indicating that a consensus may not have yet (in 1981) coalesced around the term "garage rock" as the name for the 1960s genre.}}  According to Mike Markesich: "Initially launched into the underground vernacular at the start of the '80s, the garage tag ... slowly sifted its way amid like-minded fans to finally be recognized as a worthy descriptive replacement".{{sfn|Markesich|2012|p=295}}  The term "garage punk" has also persisted,{{sfn|Aaron|2013|p=52}} and style has been referred to as {{"'}}60s punk"{{sfn|Markesich|2012|pp=39–40}} and "[[proto-punk]]".{{sfn|Bangs|1981|pp=261–264}}  "Frat rock" has been used to refer to the [[Rhythm & blues|R&B]]- and [[Surf music|surf rock]]- derived garage sounds of certain acts, such as [[the Kingsmen]] and others.{{sfnm|1a1=Markesich|1y=2012|1pp=10–12|2a1=Shaw|2y=1998|2pp=18–19}}