Editing Gang (section)

==History==
In discussing the [[banditry]] in American history, [[Barrington Moore, Jr.]] suggests that gangsterism as a "form of self-help which victimizes others" may appear in societies which lack strong "forces of [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]]"; he characterizes European [[feudalism]] as "mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of [[chivalry]]".<ref>
{{cite book
| last                  = Moore
| first                 = Barrington
| author-link            = Barrington Moore
| title                 = Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world<!--
| access-date            = 2012-12-13-->
| orig-year              = 1966
| date                  = March 1967
| publisher             = Beacon Press
| location              = Boston
| page                  = 214
| quote                 = Gangsterism is likely to crop up wherever the forces of law and order are weak. European feudalism was mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of chivalry. As the rise of feudalism out of the decay of the Roman administrative system shows, this form of self-help which victimizes others is in principle opposed to the workings of a sound bureaucratic system.
}}
</ref>

The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a series of organized gangs",<ref>
{{cite book |last=Howell |first=James C. |title=Gangs in America's Communities |publisher=Sage | url= https://archive.org/details/gangsinamericasc0000howe |url-access=registration|isbn=978-1412979535 |year=2012 }}
</ref>
some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into conflict with each other. Members dressed "with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions."<ref>
{{cite book |last=Howell |first=James C. |title=Gangs in America's Communities |publisher=Sage|url= https://archive.org/details/gangsinamericasc0000howe |url-access=registration|isbn=978-1412979535 |year=2012 }}
</ref> During the [[Victorian era]], criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become London's criminal underworld.<ref name="Victoria 1">{{cite web|url=http://surrey-shore.freeservers.com/VicCrime.htm|title=Menace, Mayhem, and Morality! Crime in Victorian London |publisher=Surrey Shores|author=Barton, William A.}}</ref> Criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their own ranks and groups which were sometimes called ''families'', and were often made up of lower-classes and operated on [[Pickpocketing|pick-pocketry]], [[prostitution]], [[forgery]] and [[counterfeit]]ing, commercial [[burglary]], and [[money laundering]] schemes.<ref name="Victoria 1"/><ref name="Victoria 2">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/The-Victorian-Roots-of-Organized-Crime-2954000.php|title=The Victotian Underworld |newspaper=SF Gate|author=Thomas, Donald}}</ref> Unique also were the use of [[slang]]s and argots used by Victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other, like those propagated by street gangs like the [[Peaky Blinders]].<ref name="Halls">{{cite news|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/peaky-blinders-real-story|work=GQ|title=The Peaky Blinders are a romanticised myth|last=Halls|first=Eleanor|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="Peak">{{cite news|author=Larner, Tony|title=When Peaky Blinders Ruled Streets with Fear|work=Sunday Mercury|date= 1 August 2010|page= 14}}</ref>

In the United States, the history of gangs began on the East Coast in 1783 following the [[American Revolution]].<ref>
{{cite book |last=Howell |first=James C. |title=Gangs in America's Communities |publisher=Sage |url=https://archive.org/details/gangsinamericasc0000howe |url-access=registration |quote=gangs in america's communities. |isbn=978-1412979535 |year=2012 }}
</ref> Gangs arose further in the [[United States]] by the middle of the nineteenth century and were a concern for city leaders from the time they appeared.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the City|last=Caves|first=R. W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|pages=279}}</ref> The emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The first street-gang in the United States, the [[Forty Thieves (New York gang)|40 Thieves]], began around the late 1820s in [[New York City]]. The gangs in [[Washington D.C.]] had control of what is now [[Federal Triangle]], in a region then known as [[Murder Bay]].<ref>Savage, ''Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape'', 2009, pp. 100–101; Gutheim and Lee, p. 73; Lowry, pp. 61–65; Evelyn, Dickson, and Ackerman, pp. 63–864.</ref>  Organized crime in the United States first came to prominence in the [[Old West]] and historians such as Brian J. Robb and Erin H. Turner traced the first organized crime syndicates to the [[Cochise County Cowboys|Coschise Cowboy Gang]] and the [[Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch|Wild Bunch]].<ref>Robb, Brian J. ''A Brief History of Gangsters''. Running Press (2015). Chapter 1: Lawlessness in the Old West. {{ISBN|978-0762454761}}</ref><ref>Turner, Erin H. ''Badasses of the Old West: True Stories of Outlaws on the Edge''. TwoDot (2009). p. 132. {{ISBN|978-0762754663}}</ref> [[Prohibition]] would also cause a new boom in the emergence of gangs; [[Chicago]] for example had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.<ref>
[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225308/gang Gang (crime)]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.''
</ref>

Outside of the US and the UK, gangs exist in both urban and rural forms, like the French gangs of the [[Belle Époque]] like the [[Apaches (subculture)|Apaches]] and the [[Bonnot Gang]].<ref name=blom>[[Philipp Blom]], ''The Vertigo Years: Europe, 1900–1914'', 2008, {{ISBN|0786726709}},  [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3G9gMNCpowC&pg=PA372 p. 372]</ref> Many criminal organizations, such as the Italian [[Cosa Nostra]], Japanese [[yakuza]], Russian [[Bratva]], and Chinese [[triad (organized crime)|triads]], have existed for centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2014/09/14/biggest-organized-crime-groups-in-the-world/|title=Fortune 5: The Biggest Organized Crime Groups in the World|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|author=Luna, Keri}} July 31, 2010</ref>