Editing Gamelan (section)

==History==
[[File:Musician Borobudur.jpg|thumb|left|Musicians performing musical ensemble, The 8th century bas-relief of [[Borobudur]] Temple, [[Central Java]], [[Indonesia]]]]
<!--[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Gamelanorkest TMnr 60015940.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Gamelan orchestra (1870-1891)]]-->
The gamelan predates the [[Indianized kingdoms|Hindu-Buddhist culture]] that dominated Indonesia in its earliest records and thus represents an indigenous art form of [[Indonesia]]. In contrast to the heavy [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] influence in other art forms, the only obvious [[Music of India|Indian influence]] in gamelan music is in the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese style of singing, and in the themes of the [[Wayang kulit]] and [[Wayang Golek]] (shadow puppet plays).<ref>Lentz, 5.</ref>

In Javanese mythology, the gamelan was created by Sang Hyang Guru in [[Saka era]] 167 ({{circa|AD 230}}), the god who ruled as king of all Java from a palace on the Maendra mountain in [[Medang Kamulan]] (now [[Mount Lawu]]). He needed a signal to summon the gods and thus invented the gong. For more complex messages, he invented two other gongs, thus forming the original gamelan set.<ref>R.T. Warsodiningrat, ''Serat Weda Pradangga''. Cited in Roth, A. R. ''New Compositions for Javanese Gamelan''. University of Durham, Doctoral Thesis, 1986. Page 4.<!--ibid later--></ref>

The earliest image of a musical ensemble is found on the bas-relief of the 8th century Buddhist monument of [[Borobudur]], Central Java.<ref name="ThoughtCo-Gamelan"/> The Borobudur's musicians play [[lute]]-like stringed instruments, various ''[[kendang]]'' drums, various ''[[suling]]'' flutes, [[cymbal]]s, [[bell]]s, [[metallophones]], and [[xylophones]]. Some of these musical instruments are indeed included in a complete gamelan orchestra. Musical instruments such as metallophones ([[Saron (instrument)|saron]], [[kenong]], [[kecer]]), xylophones ([[Gambang (instrument)|gambang]]), the bamboo flute ([[suling]]), drums in various sizes (kendang), cymbals, bell (genta), and bowed and plucked string instruments were identified in this image.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/LQ-NHeUmFgM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414131535/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQ-NHeUmFgM Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQ-NHeUmFgM| title = Alat-Alat Musik Borobudur | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> These reliefs of this musical ensemble are suggested to be the ancient form of the gamelan.

The instruments developed into their current form during the [[Majapahit Empire]]. According to the inscriptions and manuscripts ([[Nagarakretagama]] and [[Kakawin Sutasoma]]) dated from the Majapahit period, the kingdom even had a government office in charge of supervising the performing arts, including the gamelan. The arts office oversaw the construction of musical instruments, as well as scheduling performances at the court.<ref name="ThoughtCo-Gamelan"/>
[[File:Nagarakertagama.jpg|thumb|left|''Gamelan'' is mentioned in the [[Kakawin]] [[Nagarakertagama]] in a [[palm-leaf manuscript]] called [[palm-leaf manuscript|lontar]] that was written by [[Mpu Prapanca]] in 1365 AD. A collection of [[National Library of Indonesia]] in [[Jakarta]]]]
In Bali, there are several [[Gamelan selunding|gamelan selonding]] that have existed since the 9th century during the [[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] reign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ubudcommunity.com/selonding-the-sacred-gamelan-from-ancient-village/|title=Selonding, the Sacred Gamelan from Ancient Village|work=Ubud Community|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219145000/https://ubudcommunity.com/selonding-the-sacred-gamelan-from-ancient-village/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.balimusicanddance.com/news/learn-ancient-gamelan-selonding-at-mekar-bhuana.html|title=Learn Ancient Gamelan Selonding at Mekar Bhuana|work=Mekar Bhuana|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414023006/http://www.balimusicanddance.com/news/learn-ancient-gamelan-selonding-at-mekar-bhuana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some words refer to gamelan selonding was found in some ancient Balinese inscriptions and manuscripts. Today, gamelan selonding is stored and preserved well in ancient temples of Bali. It is considered sacred and used for religious ceremony purposes, especially when the big ceremony is held. Gamelan Selonding is part of daily life and culture for some indigenous people in ancient villages such as Bungaya, [[Bugbug]], Seraya, [[Tenganan|Tenganan Pegringsingan]], Timbrah, Asak, Ngis, [[Bebandem]], [[Besakih]], and Selat in [[Karangasem Regency]].

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bedoyo danseressen aan het hof van de sultan van Yogyakarta TMnr 3728-444.jpg|thumb|The court of the Sultan of [[Yogyakarta]], c. 1876. Performance of [[Bedhaya]] Sacred Dance accompanied by Javanese Gamelan Ensemble]]

In the court of Java ([[Surakarta Sunanate]] and [[Yogyakarta Sultanate]]) the oldest known ensembles, Gamelan [[Munggang]] and Gamelan [[Kodok Ngorek]], are apparently from the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerajaannusantara.com/id/surakarta-hadiningrat/seni-musik2 |title=Seni Musik Kasunanan Surakarta, Surakarta Hadingrat |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418201157/http://www.kerajaannusantara.com/id/surakarta-hadiningrat/seni-musik2 |url-status=live }}</ref> These formed the basis of a "loud style" of music. These Gamelan are the oldest existing gamelan instruments and still preserved well in the courts. The Gamelans become the heirloom of the Javanese courts. Gamelan Kodhok Ngorek and Gamelan Monggang are sacred gamelan that will only be sounded for Javanese court ritual ceremonies such as the Sultan's Jumenengan (coronation ceremony), welcoming highly respected guests at the palace, royal weddings, and Garebeg.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kratonjogja.id/benda/Gamelan/16/mengenal-gamelan-keraton-yogyakarta |title=Mengenal Gamelan Keraton Yogyakarta, 14 August 2018 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228092603/https://www.kratonjogja.id/benda/gamelan/16/mengenal-gamelan-keraton-yogyakarta |url-status=dead }}</ref> This gamelan is only owned by the court and the general public is not allowed to have a similar gamelan set.

In the wengker or [[Ponorogo]] culture, in the 15th century Gamelan Reyog was not only used to accompany the art of [[Reog Ponorogo]] but was also used during war, the troops of ki Ageng Surya Alam from the village of Kutu played gamelan reyog before the war took place against Majapahit, which was in coalition with Demak during the attack. Wengker, as a result Wengker always gets his victory before the heirloom of ki Ageng Surya Alam falls into the hands of the enemy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25367929-reyog-ponorogo |title=Reyog Ponorogo,1980 froom book |access-date=23 February 2022 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223042359/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25367929-reyog-ponorogo |url-status=live }}</ref>

A "soft style" developed out of the ''[[kemanak]]'' tradition and is related to the traditions of singing [[Javanese poetry]], in a manner often believed to be similar to the chorus that accompanies the modern ''[[bedhaya]]'' dance. In the 17th century, these loud and soft styles mixed, and to a large extent, the variety of modern gamelan styles of Bali, Java, and Sunda resulted from different ways of mixing these elements. Thus, despite the seeming diversity of styles, many of the same theoretical concepts, instruments, and techniques are shared between the styles.<ref>Roth, 4–8</ref>
[[File:Raffles Musical Instruments of Java Gamelan Salindro.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Various Javanese musical instrument in [[Slendro|Gamelan Salindro]], [[The History of Java]] by [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] (1781–1826).]]
In the [[Sultanate of Cirebon]], on the north coast of Java. The [[Gamelan Sekaten|gamelan Sakati]] in the [[Keraton Kasepuhan]] is originated from [[Demak Sultanate]] in 1495 which was a gift from Sultan Trenggono of Demak for the marriage of Ratu Mas Nyawa (daughter of Raden Patah, king of Demak) to Prince Bratakelana (son of [[Sunan Gunung Jati]] from his wife Syarifah Bagdad).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=371&lang=id|title=Gamelan Sakati|work=Kabupaten Cirebon|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414045249/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=371&lang=id|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gamelan is closely related to the early days of the spread of Islam by [[Wali Sanga]] in [[Java]]. At the [[Keraton Kasepuhan]], the gamelan Sakati is played on the Idul Adha month of Hajj (Zulhijah) in the Sri Manganti building when the sultan and his relatives head to the Grand Mosque. This gamelan is kept in the Museum Pusaka Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-4147698/kisah-gamelan-abad-ke-15-peninggalan-sunan-gunung-jati|title=Kisah Gamelan Abad ke-15 Peninggalan Sunan Gunung Jati|work=Sudirman Wamad|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414024912/https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-4147698/kisah-gamelan-abad-ke-15-peninggalan-sunan-gunung-jati|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Lamongan]], [[East Java]], there is an ancient gamelan from the 15th century called Gamelan ''Singo Mengkok''. This gamelan is a legacy of the [[Sunan Drajat]] (one of the [[Wali Sanga]]) which was used for broadcasting the Islamic religion in Paciran, Lamongan. Beaten by the Friends of Sunan Drajat to accompany the tembang Pangkur (panguri isine Qur'an) created by Sunan Drajat himself. This gamelan ensemble is an acculturation of Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic culture, considering that the surrounding community is Hindus, so that it is easily accepted by the community. The Gamelan Singo Mengkok is now stored in the Museum Sunan Drajat in [[Lamongan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-5128893/gamelan-peninggalan-sunan-drajat-di-lamongan-dikonservasi|title=Gamelan Peninggalan Sunan Drajat di Lamongan Dikonservasi|work=Eko Sudjarwo|access-date=10 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115234741/https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-5128893/gamelan-peninggalan-sunan-drajat-di-lamongan-dikonservasi|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Gamelan ceremonial Munggang, Kraton Surakarta.jpg|thumb|Javanese Gamelan [[Munggang]] (one of sacred gamelans) being played (as part of [[ritual]]) in [[Surakarta Sunanate]], [[Central Java]], 2000]]
In the kingdom of Islamic Mataram, Gamelan Kanjeng Kyai Guntur Sari was made in 1566<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://journal.uny.ac.id/|title=GAMELAN SEKATEN DAN PENYEBARAN ISLAM DI JAWA|work=Joko Daryanto|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020060327/https://journal.uny.ac.id/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Gamelan Kanjeng Kyai Guntur Madu was made in 1642 during the reign of [[Sultan Agung]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/283899-gamelan-tertua-keraton-yogyakarta-diarak | title=Gamelan Tertua Keraton Yogyakarta Diarak | date=30 January 2021 | publisher=viva.co.id | access-date=15 December 2020 | language=id | archive-date=28 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128204513/https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/283899-gamelan-tertua-keraton-yogyakarta-diarak | url-status=live }}</ref> Both gamelans called Gamelan Sekati ([[Gamelan Sekaten]]) which is only beaten/sounded to accompany the [[Sekaten]] ceremony. Gamelan Sekaten in [[Surakarta]] and [[Yogyakarta]] will be played once a year for one week in front of the Grand Mosque. This gamelan is only played by the royal family and courtiers under strict conditions, wearing prescribed traditional clothes, and playing certain sacred music that has existed for centuries. The Gamelan Sekaten exists in halves: divided between the two rival courts in Surakarta and Yogyakarta, each court had a matching second half made.

In [[Sumedang]], [[West Java]], there is an heirloom of the [[Kingdom of Sumedang Larang]], there is a Gamelan Panglipur belonging to Prince Rangga Gede / Kusumahdinata IV (1625–1633) who is also the regent of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=68&lang=id|title=Museum Prabu geusan Ulun|work=Kabupaten Sumedang|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=17 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117200615/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=68&lang=id|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gamelan was deliberately made to entertain himself after his beloved child died. The Panglipur gamelan along with 9 other ancient gamelan sets are kept at the Museum Prabu Geusan Ulun in [[Sumedang Regency]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01337829/gamelan-istimewa-koleksi-museum-di-sumedang-melanglangbuana-hingga-eropa-dan-amerika-sebelum-diserahkan-ke-bupati?page=3|title=Gamelan Istimewa Koleksi Museum di Sumedang, Melanglangbuana Hingga Eropa dan Amerika sebelum Diserahkan ke Bupati|work=Adang Jukardi|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414023938/https://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/jawa-barat/pr-01337829/gamelan-istimewa-koleksi-museum-di-sumedang-melanglangbuana-hingga-eropa-dan-amerika-sebelum-diserahkan-ke-bupati?page=3|url-status=live}}</ref> One of the ten sets of gamelan is the gamelan ''Sari Oneng Parakansalak'' from [[Sukabumi]], [[West Java]], which on 31 March 1889, participated in celebrating the inauguration of the [[Eiffel Tower]] in Paris, France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sukabumiupdate.com/posts/83123/sari-oneng-gamelan-sukabumi-yang-tampil-di-peresmian-menara-eiffel-paris|title=Sari Oneng, Gamelan Sukabumi yang Tampil di Peresmian Menara Eiffel Paris|work=Oksa Bachtiar Camsyah|access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309145240/https://sukabumiupdate.com/posts/83123/sari-oneng-gamelan-sukabumi-yang-tampil-di-peresmian-menara-eiffel-paris|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/11/23/16023891/gamelan-berusia-400-tahun-ini-pernah-pentas-saat-peresmian-menara-eiffel?page=all|title=Gamelan Berusia 400 Tahun Ini Pernah Pentas Saat Peresmian Menara Eiffel, Kini Ditata Ulang|work=Aam Aminullah|access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414045124/https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/11/23/16023891/gamelan-berusia-400-tahun-ini-pernah-pentas-saat-peresmian-menara-eiffel?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 September 1977, ''Gending ketawang puspawarna'' ([[Javanese people|Javanese]] gamelan music) which was created by [[Mangkunegara IV]] (1853–1881) was carried by two satellites of [[NASA|The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)]] named ''[[Voyager I]]'' and ''[[Voyager II]]''. The satellites are in charge of making observations on planets in outer space. The two satellites are equipped with gold-plated copper disks with a diameter of 12 inches. This disc contains recorded messages from Earth for extraterrestrials who can find them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://historia.id/sains/articles/musik-gamelan-di-luar-angkasa-DOAwP/page/1|title=Musik Gamelan di Luar Angkasa|work=Rahadian Rundjan|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022742/https://historia.id/sains/articles/musik-gamelan-di-luar-angkasa-DOAwP/page/1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.merdeka.com/jateng/mengenal-ketawang-puspawarna-musik-jawa-yang-dikirim-hingga-ke-luar-angkasa.html|title=Mengenal Gending Ketawang Puspawarna, Musik Jawa yang Dikirim hingga ke Luar Angkasa|work=Shani Rasyid|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181753/https://www.merdeka.com/jateng/mengenal-ketawang-puspawarna-musik-jawa-yang-dikirim-hingga-ke-luar-angkasa.html|url-status=live}}</ref>