Editing Game theory (section)

===Earliest results===
In 1713, a letter attributed to Charles Waldegrave, an active [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] and uncle to British diplomat [[James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave|James Waldegrave]], analyzed a game called "[[le her]]". Waldegrave provided a [[minimax]] [[mixed strategy]] solution to a two-person version of the card game, and the problem is now known as the [[Waldegrave problem]].<ref name="GT-PD-01">{{citation |url=http://www.jehps.net/Decembre2007/Bellhouse.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820134028/http://www.jehps.net/Decembre2007/Bellhouse.pdf |archive-date=2008-08-20 |url-status=live |title=The Problem of Waldegrave |author=Bellhouse, David R. |journal=Journal Électronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique |trans-work=Electronic Journal of Probability History and Statistics |year=2007 |volume=3 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bellhouse |first1=David R. |title=Le Her and Other Problems in Probability Discussed by Bernoulli, Montmort and Waldegrave |journal=Statistical Science |volume=30 |pages=26–39 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]] |issue=1 |arxiv=1504.01950 |doi=10.1214/14-STS469 |bibcode=2015arXiv150401950B |s2cid=59066805 }}</ref>

In 1838, [[Antoine Augustin Cournot]] provided a [[Cournot competition|model of competition]] in [[Oligopoly|oligopolies]]. Though he did not refer to it as such, he presented a solution that is the [[Nash equilibrium]] of the game in his {{Lang|fr|Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses}} (''Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth''). In 1883, [[Joseph Bertrand]] critiqued Cournot's model as unrealistic, providing an alternative model of price competition<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last1=Qin |first1=Cheng-Zhong |last2=Stuart |first2=Charles |date=1997 |title=Bertrand versus Cournot Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25055054 |journal=Economic Theory |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=497–507 |doi=10.1007/s001990050169 |issn=0938-2259 |jstor=25055054 |s2cid=153431949}}</ref> which would later be formalized by [[Francis Ysidro Edgeworth]].<ref>Edgeworth, Francis (1889) "The pure theory of monopoly", reprinted in Collected Papers relating to Political Economy 1925, vol.1, Macmillan.</ref>

In 1913, [[Ernst Zermelo]] published {{Lang|de|Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels}} (''On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess''), which proved that the optimal chess strategy is [[Strictly determined game|strictly determined]].<ref>{{cite conference |last=Zermelo |first=Ernst |author-link=Ernst Zermelo |date=1913 |editor1-last=Hobson |editor1-first=E. W. |editor2-last=Love |editor2-first=A. E. H. |title=Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels |trans-title=On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess |url=https://socio.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/chair-of-sociology-dam/documents/articles/Zermelo_Uber_eine_Anwendung_der_Mengenlehre_auf_die_Theorie_des_Schachspiels.pdf |conference=Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Mathematicians (1912) |language=de |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=501–504 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731231930/https://socio.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/chair-of-sociology-dam/documents/articles/Zermelo_Uber_eine_Anwendung_der_Mengenlehre_auf_die_Theorie_des_Schachspiels.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2020 |access-date=29 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>