Editing Functor (section)

=== Covariance and contravariance ===
{{See also|Covariance and contravariance (computer science)}}
There are many constructions in mathematics that would be functors but for the fact that they "turn morphisms around" and "reverse composition". We then define a '''contravariant functor''' ''F'' from ''C'' to ''D'' as a mapping that
*associates each object <math>X</math> in ''C'' with an object <math>F(X)</math> in ''D'',
*associates each morphism <math>f \colon X\to Y</math> in ''C'' with a morphism <math>F(f) \colon F(Y) \to F(X)</math> in ''D'' such that the following two conditions hold:
**<math>F(\mathrm{id}_X) = \mathrm{id}_{F(X)}\,\!</math> for every object <math>X</math> in ''C'',
**<math>F(g \circ f) = F(f) \circ F(g)</math> for all morphisms <math>f \colon X\to Y</math> and <math>g \colon Y\to Z</math> in ''C''.

Variance of functor (composite){{sfnp|Simmons|2011|loc=Exercise 3.1.4}}
*The composite of two functors of the same variance:
**<math>\mathrm{Covariant}  \circ \mathrm{Covariant} \to \mathrm{Covariant}</math>
**<math>\mathrm{Contravariant}  \circ \mathrm{Contravariant} \to \mathrm{Covariant}</math>
*The composite of two functors of opposite variance:
**<math>\mathrm{Covariant}  \circ \mathrm{Contravariant} \to \mathrm{Contravariant}</math>
**<math>\mathrm{Contravariant}  \circ \mathrm{Covariant} \to \mathrm{Contravariant}</math>

Note that contravariant functors reverse the direction of composition.

Ordinary functors are also called '''covariant functors''' in order to distinguish them from contravariant ones. Note that one can also define a contravariant functor as a ''covariant'' functor on the [[opposite category]] <math>C^\mathrm{op}</math>.{{sfnp|Jacobson|2009|pp=19–20}} Some authors prefer to write all expressions covariantly. That is, instead of saying <math>F \colon  C\to D</math> is a contravariant functor, they simply write <math>F \colon C^{\mathrm{op}} \to D</math> (or sometimes <math>F \colon C \to D^{\mathrm{op}}</math>) and call it a functor.

Contravariant functors are also occasionally called ''cofunctors''.<ref name="Popescu1979">{{cite book|last1=Popescu|first1=Nicolae|last2=Popescu|first2=Liliana|title=Theory of categories|date=1979|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9789400995505|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnHwCAAAQBAJ&q=cofunctor+covariant&pg=PA12|access-date=23 April 2016}}</ref>

There is a convention which refers to "vectors"—i.e., [[vector field]]s, elements of the space of sections <math>\Gamma(TM)</math> of a [[tangent bundle]] <math>TM</math>—as "contravariant" and to "covectors"—i.e., [[1-forms]], elements of the space of sections <math>\Gamma\mathord\left(T^*M\right)</math> of a [[cotangent bundle]] <math>T^*M</math>—as "covariant". This terminology originates in physics, and its rationale has to do with the position of the indices ("upstairs" and "downstairs") in [[Einstein summation|expressions]] such as <math>{x'}^{\,i} = \Lambda^i_j x^j</math> for <math>\mathbf{x}' = \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\mathbf{x}</math> or <math>\omega'_i = \Lambda^j_i \omega_j</math> for <math>\boldsymbol{\omega}' = \boldsymbol{\omega}\boldsymbol{\Lambda}^\textsf{T}.</math> In this formalism it is observed that the coordinate transformation symbol <math>\Lambda^j_i</math> (representing the matrix <math>\boldsymbol{\Lambda}^\textsf{T}</math>) acts on the "covector coordinates" "in the same way" as on the basis vectors: <math>\mathbf{e}_i = \Lambda^j_i\mathbf{e}_j</math>—whereas it acts "in the opposite way" on the "vector coordinates" (but "in the same way" as on the basis covectors: <math>\mathbf{e}^i = \Lambda^i_j \mathbf{e}^j</math>). This terminology is contrary to the one used in category theory because it is the covectors that have ''pullbacks'' in general and are thus ''contravariant'', whereas vectors in general are ''covariant'' since they can be ''pushed forward''. See also [[Covariance and contravariance of vectors]].