Editing Frederick A. P. Barnard (section)

==Career==
Barnard became a tutor at Yale following his graduation in 1828. He later served as a teacher at the [[American School for the Deaf|American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb]] at [[Hartford, Connecticut]] between 1831 and 1832, and at the [[New York School for the Deaf|New York Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb]] between 1832 and 1838.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annual Report of the Directors of the New-York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb|date=1837|publisher=[[Mahlon Day]], Printer|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/stream/annualreportdir02unkngoog#page/n7/mode/2up}}</ref>

He taught at the [[University of Alabama]] in various capacities from 1838 to 1854, where he was a professor of [[mathematics]] and [[natural philosophy]] until 1848, and a professor of [[chemistry]] and [[natural history]] thereafter. He also filled the chair of English literature during his time at the university.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, [http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/universityslaves-1.pdf The University and the Slaves: Apology and Its Meaning]</ref>

Barnard was ordained as a [[deacon]] in the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Protestant Episcopal Church]] in 1854. In the same year he took up position as a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at the [[University of Mississippi]], where he eventually assumed the office of chancellor from 1856 through to the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] in 1861, when he resigned due to his [[Union (American Civil War)|Unionist]] sympathies. During his time at the university he was subject to scrutiny from the board of trustees for taking the testimony of a slave against that of a student who had allegedly assaulted her.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlCsDAAAQBAJ Alfred L. Brophy, ''University, Court, and Slave: Pro-Slavery Thought in the Southern Colleges and Courts and the Coming of Civil War'' (2016)].</ref>

He was sent to [[Labrador]] in 1860 to observe an [[Solar eclipse|eclipse of the sun]]; in 1862 he worked on the reduction of [[James Melville Gilliss|Gilliss]]'s observations of stars in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], and in 1863 he supervised the publication of maps and charts of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|United States Coast Survey]]. He was elected as an Associate Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1860;<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=May 17, 2011}}</ref> as president of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1866, as a member of the Board of Experts of the [[American Bureau of Mines]] in 1865, and as a member of the [[American Institute of the City of New York|American Institute]] in 1872.<ref>{{cite book |title=The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events |volume=29 |author=D. Appleton |year=1890 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFcxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA74 |access-date=December 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>"[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06E2D61F3EEF34BC4950DFB766838D679FDE The American Bureau of Mines—The Organization Complete]," ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 31, 1866, p.&nbsp;4.</ref> He also gained membership in the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1871.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1871&year-max=1871&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-28|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

===Columbia College===
He served as the 10th President of [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]] (now [[Columbia University]]) in New York City, holding office for an unprecedented term of 25 years from 1864 to 1889 - longer than that of any of his predecessors. During this period the college experienced rapid growth. New departments were established; the elective system was greatly extended, greater provisions were made for graduate study and original research, and enrolment increased from approximately 150 students to over 1000.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Barnard himself served as a scholar of English and the [[classics]], and as an expert in the fields of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. He was known as a skilled public speaker, with his annual reports to the Board of Trustees including valuable discussions of educational problems.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

He also served as the co-editor-in-chief of ''[[Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia]]'' (1876), alongside [[Arnold Henry Guyot]].<ref>{{cite book|page=1411|year=1885|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=A. J. Johnson|author=Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|title=Johnson's new general cyclopaedia and copperplate hand-atlas of the world: combined and illustrated: being specially adapted for daily use in the family, school, and office, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64hRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1411}}</ref> Other texts authored by Barnard, include ''Treatise on Arithmetic'' (1830), ''Analytical Grammar with Symbolic Illustration'' (1836), ''Letters on Collegiate Government'' (1855), ''History of the United States Coast Survey'' (1857), ''Recent Progress in Science'' (1869), and ''The Metric System'' (1871).

He died on April 27, 1889, in New York City.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter|year=1905}}</ref> In his will, the bulk of his estate was left to [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia College]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the First Half-Century of the National Academy of Sciences: 1863–1913 |date=1913 |publisher=National Academic Press (US) |page=Chapter 13 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221935/ |access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref>