Editing François Duvalier (section)

==Political rise==
In 1946, Duvalier aligned himself with President [[Dumarsais Estimé]] and was appointed Director General of the National Public Health Service. In 1949, he served as Minister of Health and Labor, but when Duvalier opposed [[Paul Magloire]]'s 1950 coup d'état, he left the government and resumed practicing medicine. His practice included taking part in campaigns to prevent [[yaws]] and other diseases. In 1954, Duvalier abandoned medicine, hiding out in Haiti's countryside from the Magloire regime. In 1956, the Magloire government was failing, and although still in hiding, Duvalier announced his candidacy to replace him as president.<ref name="Abbott 2011"/>{{rp|57}} By December 1956, an amnesty was issued and Duvalier emerged from hiding,<ref name="HaitianMedia">{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://www.haitianmedia.com/index.php/11 |title=François Duvalier: Haitian President |website=HaitianMedia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320062032/http://www.haitianmedia.com/index.php/11 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and on 12 December 1956, Magloire conceded defeat.<ref name="Abbott 2011" />{{rp|58}} 

The two frontrunners in the [[1957 Haitian general election|1957 campaign for the presidency]] were Duvalier and [[Louis&nbsp;Déjoie]], a [[Mulatto Haitians|mulatto]] landowner and industrialist from the north. During their campaigning, Haiti was ruled by five temporary administrations, none lasting longer than a few months. Duvalier promised to rebuild and renew the country and rural Haiti solidly supported him as did the military. 
He resorted to ''{{lang|fr|noiriste}}'' [[Noirism|populism]], stoking the majority {{nowrap|[[Afro-Haitians]]'}} irritation at being governed by the few mulatto elite, which is how he described his opponent, Déjoie.<ref name="Joseph 2010">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Joseph |first=Romel |title=The Miracle of Music |date=2010 |pages=2–3 |publisher=Friends of Music Education for Haiti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IG2XJbUzseIC&pg=PA2 |isbn=978-0-9769847-0-2 |oclc=704908603}}</ref>

François Duvalier was elected president on 22 September 1957.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/23/archives/papa-doc-a-ruthless-dictator-kept-the-haitians-in-illiteracy-and.html |title=Papa Doc, a Ruthless Dictator, Kept the Haitians in Illiteracy and Dire Poverty |first=Albin |last=Krebs |date=23 April 1971}}</ref> Duvalier received 679,884 votes to Déjoie's 266,992.<ref name="Maingot 1996">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Maingot |first=Anthony P. |title=Constructing Democratic Governance: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in the 1990s |date=1996 |chapter=Haiti: Four Old and Two New Hypotheses |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwc33OyvukC&pg=PA136 |editor1-last=Domínguez |editor1-first=Jorge I. |editor1-link=Jorge I. Domínguez |editor2-last=Lowenthal |editor2-first=Abraham F. |series=Inter-American Dialogue |volume=3 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |page=[https://archive.org/details/constructingdemo00jorg_1/page/136 136] |isbn=978-0-8018-5404-0 |lccn=96-12421 |oclc=36288579 |ol=7870247M |quote=The vote, however, was for Papa&nbsp;Doc: Duvalier&nbsp;679,884; {{bracket|[[Louis Déjoie|Déjoie]]}}&nbsp;266,993. |url=https://archive.org/details/constructingdemo00jorg_1/page/136 }}</ref> Even in this election, however, there are multiple first-hand accounts of voter fraud and voter {{nowrap|intimidation.<ref name="Abbott 2011">{{citation |mode=cs1 |last=Abbott |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Abbott |title=Haiti: A Shattered Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDIjCQAAQBAJ |date=2011 |publisher=The Overlook Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-59020-989-9 |lccn=2013496344 |oclc=859201061 |ol=25772018M |others=Rev. and updated from ''Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy''&nbsp;(1988)}}</ref>{{rp|64}}}}