Editing Four temperaments (section)

== Modern views, implementations and restatements ==
[[Waldorf education]] and [[anthroposophy]] believe that the temperaments help to understand personality. They also believe that they are useful for education, helping teachers understand how children learn. Christian writer [[Tim LaHaye]] has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his books.<ref>{{cite book
 | title=The Spirit Controlled Temperament
 | last=LaHaye |first=Tim |author-link=Tim LaHaye
 | publisher=Tyndale Publishing |year=1966
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Your Temperament: Discover Its Potential |publisher=Tyndale Publishing |year=1984 |isbn=0-8423-6220-7 |last=LaHaye |first=Tim |author-link=Tim LaHaye |url=https://archive.org/details/spiritcontrolled00laha_1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Why You Act the Way You Do | publisher=Tyndale Publishing | isbn=0-8423-8212-7 | last=LaHaye | first=Tim | author-link=Tim LaHaye | url=https://archive.org/details/whyyouactwayyoud00laha | year=1988 }}</ref>

[[James David Barber]] developed ''The Presidential Character'', wherein active relates to hot, passive relates to cold, positive relates to moist, and negative relates to dry. If one were to make a Punnett square of these characters, one can find an Active–Positive, Passive–Positive, Active–Negative, or Passive–Negative individual. This diagram was made after an influential study of the U.S. presidency, hence the name.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Doody |first1=John A. |last2=Immerwahr |first2=John |title=The Persistence of the Four Temperaments |date=1983 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41178265 |journal=Soundings: An Interdisciplinary Journal |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=348–359 |jstor=41178265 |issn=0038-1861}}</ref>

[[Robert R. Blake]] created ''The Managerial Grid'', wherein high concern for production relates to hot, low concern for production relates to cold, high concern for people relates to moist, and low concern for people relates to dry. If one were to make the same Punnett square of these characters, one can find a Team Management, a Country Club Management, a Task Management, or an Ineffective Management individual.<ref name=":02" />

The National Christian Counselors Association of Richard and Phyllis Arno, licensed the [[Fundamental interpersonal relations orientation|FIRO-B]] istrument in the 1980's, and derived from it a theory of five temperaments, where the classical phlegmatic temperament is deemed to be a neutral temperament, whereas the "relationship-oriented introvert" position traditionally held by the phlegmatic is declared to be a new "fifth temperament" called "Supine" (meaning "lying on the back"). This instrument is used by many Christian ministries<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=History and Development of the Arno Profile System |url=https://www.apsreport.com/History.html |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=Arno Profile System}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Date (c.)'''
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Author'''
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Choleric temperament'''
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Phlegmatic temperament'''
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Sanguine temperament'''
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Melancholic temperament'''
|-
| 2015
| '''Octopus Temperament''' ([[Sy Montgomery]])
| Assertive
| Curious
| Joyful
| Gentle
|-
| 2014
| '''HUCMI'''
| Controlling
| Relational
| Experimental
| Analytical
|-
| 2006
| '''Berens'''
| Theorists (NT)
| Catalyst (NF)
| Improvisor (SP)
| Stabilizer (SJ)
|-
| 1999/2001
| '''Linda V. Berens' four Interaction Styles'''
| In Charge
| Chart the Course
| Get Things Going
| Behind the Scenes
|-
| 1999
| '''StrengthsFinder'''
| Striving (Executing)
| Relating (Relationships)
| Impacting (Influencing)
| Thinking (Strategic Thinking)
|-
| 1998 ('''Erikson's behavior types''' are a 2014 revision)
|'''[[Hartman Personality Profile]]'''
| Red (Leaders; Bold & Brash)
| White > Green (Most Selfless; Relaxed, Friendly, & Loyal)
| Yellow (Social Butterflies; Creative & Optimistic)
| Blue (Keen Minds; Analytical & Detail-oriented)
|-
| 1996
| '''Tony Alessandra''' Personality Styles
| Director
| Relater
| Socializer
| Thinker
|-
| 1989
| '''Benziger'''
| Logic & Results
| Intuition & Empathy
| Vision & Creativity
| Process & Routine
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 1978, 1988
| '''Keirsey/Bates four temperaments''' (old), '''Keirsey's four temperaments'''
| [[Prometheus|Promethean]] (Technological) > [[Rational temperament|Rational]] (NT)
| [[Apollonian]] (Soulful) > [[Idealist temperament|Idealist]] (NF)
| [[Dionysian]] (Artful) > [[Artisan temperament|Artisan]] (SP)
| [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimethean]] (Dutiful) > [[Guardian temperament|Guardian]] (SJ)
|-
| 1973/74
| '''Conflict'''
| Competing
| Accommodating
| Collaborating
| Avoiding
|-
| 1967
| '''[[Rudolf Dreikurs|Dreikurs']] four mistaken goals'''
| Power or Defiance
| Revenge or Retaliation
| Undue Attention or Service
| Inadequacy or Deficiency
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1960s
| '''[[Fritz Riemann (psychologist)|Fritz Riemann]]'''
| Obsessive
| Schizoid
| Hysterical
| Depressed
|-
| Stuart Atkins '''LIFO's four Orientations to Life'''
| Controlling-Taking
| Supporting-Giving
| Adapting-Dealing
| Conserving-Holding
|-
| '''David Merrill, "[[Social style|Social Styles]]"'''
| Driving
| Amiable
| Expressive
| Analytical
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 1958
| '''[[Isabel Myers|Myers']] Jungian types'''
| Thinking (T); "Logical & Ingenious"
| Feeling (F); "Sympathetic & Friendly"
| Perceiving (P); "Enthusiastic & Insightful"
| Judging (J); "Practical & Matter of Fact"
|-
| 1948, 1957, 1987
| '''[[California Psychological Inventory]] CPI 260'''
| Leader/Implementer (Alphas)
| Supporter (Betas)
| Innovator (Gammas)
| Visualizer (Deltas)
|-
| 1947
| '''Eysenck'''
| High Extraversion, High Neuroticism (Unstable-Extraverted)
| Low Extraversion, Low Neuroticism (Stable-Introverted)
| High Extraversion, Low Neuroticism (Stable-Extraverted)
| Low Extraversion, High Neuroticism (Unstable-Introverted)
|-
| 1947
| '''[[Erich Fromm|Fromm's]] four orientations'''
| Exploitative (Taking)
| Receptive (Accepting)
| Marketing (Exchanging)
| Hoarding (Preserving)
|-
| 1935, 1966
| '''[[Alfred Adler]]'s four Styles of Life''', '''Temperament by LaHaye'''
| Ruling/Dominant (Choleric)
| Getting/Leaning (Phlegmatic)
| Socially Useful ([[Sanguine]])
| Avoiding ([[Melancholia|melancholic]])
|-
| 1928, 1970s
| '''William Marston and John G. Geier [[DiSC assessment]]'''
| Dominance (D); Red
| Steadiness (S); Blue
| Influence (I); Green
| Conscientiousness (C); Yellow
|-
| 1921
| '''Jung'''
| Intuition
| Feeling
| Sensation
| Thinking
|-
| 1920s
| '''Pavlov'''
| Angry Dogs (High Excitation, Low Inhibition)
| "Accepting" Dogs (feel asleep) (Low Excitation, High Inhibition)
| High-spirited Dogs (High Excitation, High Inhibition)
| "Weak" Dogs (whiny) (Low Excitation, Low Inhibition)
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 1920
| '''[[Ernst Kretschmer|Kretschmer's]] four [[character structure|character]] styles'''
| Hyperesthetic (oversensitive)
| Anesthetic (insensitive)
| Hypomanic
| Depressive
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 1914
| '''[[Eduard Spranger|Spranger's]] four* value attitudes'''
| Economic/Political
| Religious/Social
| Aesthetic
| Theoretical
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" |1905
| '''[[Erich Adickes|Adickes']] four world views'''
| Traditional
| Agnostic (Skeptical)
| Innovative
| Dogmatic (Doctrinaire)
|-
| 1894
| '''Sasang'''
| So-Yang (SY; Little Yang); Active (Unstable & Active)
| Tae-Eum (TE; Big Yin); Organized (Stable & Passive)
| Tae-Yang (TY; Big Yang); Originative (Stable & Active)
| So-Eum (SE; Little Yin); Conservative (Unstable & Passive)
|-
| 1798
| '''[[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]'s four temperaments'''
| Energetic & Emotional (Choleric)
| Weak & Balanced (Phlegmatic)
| Energetic & Balanced (Sanguine)
| Weak & Emotional (Melancholic)
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 1550
| '''[[Paracelsus|Paracelsus']] four [[totem]] spirits'''
| [[Gnome]]s (Industrious & Guarded)
| [[Sylph]]s (Curious & Calm)
| [[Salamander (legendary creature)|salamander]]s (Impulsive & Changeable)
| [[Nymph]]s (Inspiring & Passionate)
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 185 AD
| '''[[Irenaeus|Irenaeus']] four temperaments'''
| Historical
| Spiritual
| Spontaneous
| Scholarly
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 325 BC
| '''[[Aristotle|Aristotle's]] four sources of happiness'''
| Propraieteri (Acquiring Assets)
| Ethikos (Moral Value)
| Hedone (Sensual Pleasure)
| Dialogike (Logical Investigation)
|-
| 325 BC
| '''[[Aristotle|Aristotle's]] social order'''
| Pistic (Common sense & Care-taking)
| Noetic (Intuitive, Sensibility, Morality)
| Iconic (Artistic & Art-making)
| Dianoetic (Reasoning & Logical Investigator)
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 340 BC
| '''[[Plato|Plato's]] four characters'''
| Sensible
| Intuitive
| Artistic
| Reasoning
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 307 BC
| '''[[Hippocrates|Hippocrates']] [[Humorism|four humours]]'''
| Yellow Bile (Hot and Dry)
| Phlegm (Cold and Wet)
| Blood (Hot and Wet)
| Black Bile (Cold and Dry)
|-
| 450 BC
| '''Empedocles'''
| Fire (Zeus)
| Water (Pluto/Nestis)
| Air (Hera)
| Earth (Persephone/Aidoneus)
|-
| bgcolor="#b0c4de" | 590 BC
| '''[[Ezekiel]]'s four living creatures'''
| Lion (Bold)
| Ox (Sturdy)
| Eagle (Far-seeing)
| Man (Spiritual)
|-
| colspan="6" | Adapted and modified from: {{cite book |author=Montgomery, Stephen |year=2002 |title=People Patterns: A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments |page=[https://archive.org/details/peoplepatterns00step/page/20 20] |publisher=Archer Publications |isbn=1-885705-03-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/peoplepatterns00step/page/20 }}; {{cite book|author=Keirsey, David | orig-year=1978 | date=1998 |title=Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence |url=https://archive.org/details/pleaseunderstand02keir |url-access=registration |publisher=Prometheus Nemesis Book Co |isbn=1-885705-02-6}}
|-
|}