Editing Foreign relations of Taiwan (section)

===1971 expulsion from the UN===
In 1971, the UN expelled the ROC and transferred China's seat to the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC).<ref name="expell details un">{{cite news |last1=Hale |first1=Erin |title=Taiwan taps on United Nations' door, 50 years after departure |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=Aljazeera |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129190345/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/25/chinas-un-seat-50-years-on |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to the {{Langx|la|{{linktext|ad tempus}}|label=none}} recognition of the ROC by a majority of countries before [[UN Resolution 2758]], the ROC lost its membership in all [[intergovernmental organization|intergovernmental organisations]] related to the UN. As the UN and related organizations like the [[International Court of Justice]] are the most common venues for effective execution of international law and serve as the international community for sovereign states, a majority of the countries aligned with the West in the [[Cold War]] terminated diplomatic relations with the ROC and opened diplomatic relations with the PRC.

The [[United Nations Charter]]'s Articles 23 and 110, in its [[Chapter II of the United Nations Charter|Chapter II]], explicitly refer to the ROC, but the seat of "China" is currently occupied by the PRC. The ROC continues to maintain substantial relations,<ref>{{cite web |author=Wei-chin Lee |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/16-taiwan-ngo-lee |title=Diplomatic Impetus and Altruistic Impulse: NGOs and the Expansion of Taiwan's International Space |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409022628/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2012/07/16-taiwan-ngo-lee |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taiwanngo.tw/bin/home.php?Lang=en |title=Taiwan NGOs |publisher=Taiwanngo.tw |date=12 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513025007/http://www.taiwanngo.tw/bin/home.php?Lang=en |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> including with most of the [[non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisations]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unog.ch/80256EE60057E07D/(httpHomepages)/80A3DF6327DDD70180256F040066C85C?OpenDocument|title=The United Nations in the Heart of Europe &#124; The United Nations & Civil Society|publisher=Unog.ch|access-date=25 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501204846/http://unog.ch/80256EE60057E07D/(httpHomepages)/80A3DF6327DDD70180256F040066C85C?OpenDocument|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://csonet.org/ |title=Welcome to csonet.org &#124; Website of the UN DESA NGO Branch. At your service |publisher=Csonet.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405081308/http://www.csonet.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=23 |title=Non-governmental organizations |publisher=Unrol.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511064926/http://unrol.org/article.aspx?article_id=23 |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=kouraich jaouahdou |url=http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/ngorelations.htm |title=UN – NGO Relations |publisher=Un-ngls.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329174700/http://www.un-ngls.org/orf/ngorelations.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ngodpiexecom.org/ |title=NGO/DPI Executive Committee &#124; The Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations Associated with the United Nations Department of Public Information |publisher=Ngodpiexecom.org |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415121002/http://ngodpiexecom.org/ |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_ngos.html |title=Non-Governmental Organizations |publisher=Lib.berkeley.edu |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=22 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222113803/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_ngos.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://habitat.igc.org/ngo-rev/ |title=Non-Governmental Organizations at the United Nations |publisher=Habitat.igc.org |date=25 July 1996 |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622083128/http://habitat.igc.org/ngo-rev/ |archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> at the United Nations, in addition with the ''concern'' from [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002144/214464E.pdf |title=UNESCO. Executive Board; 188th; Decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its 188th session; 2011 |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112023/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002144/214464E.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]] was signed and ratified by the ROC on 18 April 1961 and 19 December 1969,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en#4 |title=UNTC |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519165249/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&lang=en |archive-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> including Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961_disputes.pdf |title=Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 1961 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061941/http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_1_1961_disputes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is entitled by the founding of the United Nations as the cornerstone of modern-day diplomacy since the [[Vienna Congress]], Article 35 of 1969 [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties]] also applies to the ROC since 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201155/volume-1155-I-18232-English.pdf |title=Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (with annex). Concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130151302/https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201155/volume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the ROC's insecurity and intolerance in the 1970s and 1980s after it was expelled by the UN as well as American influence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf |title=Democratic Reforms in Taiwan: Issues for Congress |author=Shirley A. Kan |date=26 May 2010 |access-date=9 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234655/https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41263.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> the ROC gradually democratized and adopted [[universal suffrage]], ending under the one-party leadership of President [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] by lifting 38 years of [[martial law]] on the Communist rebellion on mainland China and establishing the new self-identity of Republic of China (system) on Taiwan in the international community, enacting [[Two Chinas]] states in the world. UN Resolution 2758 is non-binding on the international law regarding the international status of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the ROC continues to seek opportunities to join UN [[Specialized agencies]] to become a Permanent Observer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html |title=About Permanent Observers &#124; United Nations |publisher=Un.org |date=2002-09-10 |access-date=2020-05-29 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309025911/https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/about-permanent-observers/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> under the auspices of UN Resolution 396,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/670567|title = Recognition by the United Nations of the representation of a Member State|date = 14 December 1950}}</ref> which duly recommended the questions of debate on Chinese representation in the United Nations.