Editing Foreign relations of Sudan (section)

==Bilateral relations==
===Africa===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Chad}}||See [[Chad–Sudan relations]]
On 23 December 2005 [[Chad]], Sudan's neighbor to the west, declared a 'state of belligerency' with Sudan and accused the country of being the "common enemy of the nation (Chad)."  This happened after the 18 December [[Battle of Adré|attack on Adré]], which left about 100 people dead.  A statement issued by Chadian government on 23 December, accused Sudanese militias of making daily incursions into Chad, stealing cattle, killing innocent people and burning villages on the [[Chad–Sudan border|Chadian border]].  The statement went on to call for Chadians to form a patriotic front against Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4556576.stm|title=Chad in 'state of war' with Sudan|date=23 December 2005|access-date=24 November 2017|work=BBC News}}</ref> On 11 May 2008 Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels in [[Darfur]] to attack the Sudanese capital [[Khartoum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7394422.stm|title=Sudan cuts Chad ties over attack|date=11 May 2008|access-date=24 November 2017|work=BBC News}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Cote d'Ivoire}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1975 when Ambassador of Sudan Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Ali has presented his credentials to President of Ivory Coast Houphouet - Boigny.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1975 |pages=3587}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Egypt}}||See [[Egypt–Sudan relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Chronologie Internationale |publisher=France. Direction de la documentation |year=1956 |pages=37 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1957 |pages=32}}</ref>

Egypt and Sudan have enjoyed intimate and longstanding historical ties, seeing as they are each other's closest allies in the [[North Africa]]n region. The two countries are connected by various cultural ties and political aspirations. In the late 1970s, Sudan showed great solidarity with Egypt in its [[Camp David accords|Camp David]] peace initiatives with [[Israel]]. In 2008, Egyptian Prime Minister [[Ahmed Nazif]] urged the two countries to focus on two specific projects: the [[Gezira Scheme]] which aims to cultivate some two million acres (8,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) of land in Sudan, and a joint project to improve food security in agricultural and meat production.

Sudan asserts its claim to the [[Hala'ib Triangle]], a barren area of 20,580&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899.

Egypt's policy on Sudan is in favor of a united Sudan. As such Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process which was hosted in Kenya under the auspices of the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] that gave the peoples of south Sudan the right to secede and form an independent state in 2011 after the long and brutal [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Sudanese civil war]] that cumulatively lasted 22 years and claimed 2 million lives.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}||
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1956 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Sudan Mr. Ato Mellas M. Andom.<ref name="Sudan Almanac">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1957 |pages=27}}</ref>

See [[Ethiopia–Sudan relations]].

As of 2011, good relations between Sudan and Ethiopia continued in spite of Sudan's improved ties with Eritrea.<ref name="loc20153">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Ethiopia and Eritrea|editor-last=Berry|editor1-first=LaVerle|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf|encyclopedia=Sudan: a country study|date=2015|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0|edition=5th|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=280–282|postscript=. {{PD-notice}} Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.}}</ref> President al-Bashir visited Addis Ababa twice in 2001.<ref name="loc20153" /> During a visit to Khartoum in 2002, Ethiopia's prime minister, Meles Zenawi, hailed Ethiopian–Sudanese ties.<ref name="loc20153" /> The two countries agreed to cancel entry visas and fees on traded commodities, and they stepped up plans to increase trade.<ref name="loc20153" /> Ethiopia began early in 2003 to import oil from Sudan.<ref name="loc20153" /> By 2009 Sudan supplied 80 percent of Ethiopia's demand for oil.<ref name="loc20153" /> The two nations signed an agreement ending a dispute involving their [[Ethiopia–Sudan border|1,600-kilometer border]], and landlocked Ethiopia made plans to make greater use of Port Sudan as a transshipment point.<ref name="loc20153" /> Ethiopia, Sudan, and Yemen formed a regional group early in 2003 that they said was designed to "combat terrorism" in the Horn of Africa.<ref name="loc20153" />

Bilateral relations among countries in the Horn of Africa tended to be fickle.<ref name="loc20153" /> However, Ethiopia and Sudan continued to make progress on settling border issues.<ref name="loc20153" /> The Ethiopian prime minister and Sudanese president inaugurated a major new road link between Ethiopia and Sudan at the end of 2007.<ref name="loc20153" /> There were frequent subsequent exchange visits by Ethiopian and Sudanese leaders.<ref name="loc20153" /> Ethiopia remained wary, however, of any effort by Sudan to return to a policy supporting Islamist militancy in the region.<ref name="loc20153" /> Although Ethiopia preferred a united Sudan, it shored up its relations with South Sudan on the assumption that it would opt for secession.<ref name="loc20153" /> Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea were periodic recipients of refugees from the other countries, another potential cause of friction.<ref name="loc20153" /> Agreement on usage of Nile water reemerged as an important issue between Addis Ababa and Khartoum, while Asmara supported the Sudanese position as another way to irritate Ethiopia.<ref name="loc20153" />
|-
|{{Flag|Ghana}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1959 when has been accredited Ambassador of Ghana to Sudan Mr. Carl Senage Dey.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1960 |pages=36}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Guinea}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when first Guinean Ambassador to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Seydou Diallo, presented his credentials to Presidenr Abbud.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak Oron |title=Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2 |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=1961 |pages=477}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|See [[Kenya–Sudan relations]].
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Sudan to Kenya Sayed Mohammed Mirghani.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book |title=Kenya Directory of the Diplomatic Corps of High Commissions, Embassies, Consulate-generals, Consuls, Trade Commissions, Holy See, International Organizations |publisher=Kenya Ministry of External Affairs |year=1967 |pages=101}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Libya}}||
See [[Libya–Sudan relations]]

Relations between Sudan and Libya deteriorated in the early 1970s and reached a low in October 1981, when Libya began a policy of crossborder raids into western Sudan. Following a 1985 coup, Sudan resumed diplomatic relations with Libya.<ref name="libyastate">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm|title=Sudan|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi ended his aid to the Christian and animist, southern-based, Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) led by Garang and welcomed the incoming government of General Suwar al Dahab.<ref name="libyasu">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/libya/85.htm|title=Libya - Sub-Saharan Africa|website=countrystudies.us|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> In July 1985, a military protocol was signed between the two countries, and Qaddafi was the first head of state to visit the new Khartoum government. Qaddafi then strongly supported Sudanese opposition leader Sadiq al Mahdi, who became prime minister on 6 May 1986.<ref name="libyasu" /> However, Mahdi soon turned against Gaddafi by declaring Sudan a neutral state in both regional and global conflicts and ordered Libyan troops to leave the country.<ref name="libyasu" />

After Mahdi was overthrown in a 1989 [[coup d'état]], the military government of Omar Al-Bashir resumed diplomatic relations with Libya,<ref name="libyastate" /> as part of a policy of improving relations with neighboring Arab states.<ref name="libyastate" /> In early 1990, Libya and the Sudan announced that they would seek "unity".<ref name="libyastate" /> This unity was never implemented and Sudanese forces ultimately participated in the military intervention that overthrew Qaddafi by securing [[Kufra]].<ref name="libyastate" />
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Morocco}}||
Sudan, under the National Islamic Font government became one of the very few states in the world that recognise [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[sovereignty]] over [[Western Sahara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765|title=アダルトまとめ 風俗・エロニュース|website=moroccotimes.com|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226210429/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765|archive-date=26 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1960 when Nigeria have established an embassy in Khartoum.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |title=Parliamentary Debates |publisher=Nigeria. House of Representatives |year=1961 |pages=433}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Sudan}}||See [[South Sudan–Sudan relations]]

Official diplomatic relations commenced on {{dts|2011|7|9|format=dmy}}<ref name=":23">{{cite web |title=Sudan's Bashir inaugurates North's embassy in South, calls on US to lift sanctions |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Bashir-inaugurates-North-s,39482 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729100200/https://www.sudantribune.com/Sudan-s-Bashir-inaugurates-North-s,39482 |archive-date=29 July 2011 |access-date=2012-03-19 |publisher=Sudantribune.com}}</ref> the day of South Sudan independence when Sudan became the first state to recognise South Sudanese independence. Although cultural and economic relations predate independence and even the civil war between the two entities.
|}

===Americas===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Brazil}}||
* Brazil has an embassy in Khartoum.
* Sudan has an embassy in [[Brasília]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico}}||
* Mexico is accredited to Sudan from its embassy in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] and maintains an honorary consulate in Khartoum.
* Sudan does not have an embassy accredited to Mexico.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United States}}||See [[Sudan–United States relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1956

On 3 November 1997, the [[U.S. government]] imposed a [[trade embargo]] against Sudan and a total asset freeze against the Government of Sudan under [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] 13067. The U.S. believed the Government of Sudan gave support to international terrorism, destabilized neighboring governments, and permitted human rights violations, creating an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and [[foreign policy of the United States]].<ref>[http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/sudan/sudan.shtml U.S. Treasury - Sudan sanctions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425142058/http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/programs/sudan/sudan.shtml |date=25 April 2006 }}</ref>

On 3 June 2008, US - Sudan normalization talks broke down over the issue of conflicts in the oil-producing central region of Abyei.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/world/international-sudan-conflict.html|title=U.S. Suspends Talks With Sudan Over Oil Town Row|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=24 November 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On 17 February 2015 the [[U.S. government]] issued a general license to amend US Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions on Sudan.
The general license authorizes the exportation and re-exportation to Sudan of "certain software, hardware and services incident to personal communications
over the Internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2015/02/22/us-government-eases-sanctions-to-allow-export-of-personal-communications-tools-to-sudan/|title=US Government Eases Sanctions to Allow Export of Personal Communications Tools to Sudan · Global Voices|date=22 February 2015|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>

In mid-January 2017, the United States lifted economic and trade sanctions on Sudan due to the Sudanese government's cooperation in fighting terrorism, reducing conflict, and denying safe havens to South Sudanese rebels.<ref>{{cite web|date=November 10, 2016|title=Obama to ease Sudan sanctions on way out|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/d632c17941834cbd9283e10d34d0e50c/apnewsbreak-obama-ease-sudan-sanctions-way-out|access-date=January 12, 2017|publisher=Associated Press|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320143607/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/d632c17941834cbd9283e10d34d0e50c/apnewsbreak-obama-ease-sudan-sanctions-way-out|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 16 March 2017, the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]] resumed military relations following the exchange of military attaches. 
<ref>{{cite web|date=March 16, 2017|title=US, Sudan resume military ties after 24-year hiatus|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/americas/us-sudan-resume-military-ties-after-24-year-hiatus/773284|access-date=March 16, 2017|publisher=Anadolu Agency}}</ref> In the following months, the United States Government removed Sudan from the list of Muslim-majority countries on the [[Executive Order 13769|American travel ban]] and lifted all 1997 sanctions on Sudan after the Sudanese Government severed relations with North Korea.<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|author=T.G.|date=10 October 2017|title=Why America has lifted sanctions on Sudan|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/10/economist-explains-7}}</ref> In addition, the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]], which supported the lifting of sanctions, established an office in Khartoum.<ref name="veconomist" /><ref>{{cite web|date=April 11, 2017|title=Sudanese official defends decision to have CIA office in Khartoum|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170411-sudanese-official-defends-decision-to-have-cia-office-in-khartoum/|access-date=April 14, 2017|publisher=Middle East Monitor}}</ref>

Following the [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état]], the new Sudanese Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]] entered into talks with US officials in September 2019, seeking the removal of Sudan from the US state sponsor of terrorism list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-usa-idUSKBN1WC2IB|title=After U.S. talks, Sudan sees path to lifting sanctions soon|date=2019-09-27|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2019-09-29|language=en}}</ref> In December 2019, the US Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] announced that the United States and Sudan would begin exchanging ambassadors after a 23-year period of no diplomatic relations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sudan-idUSKBN1Y82EV|title=U.S. to exchange ambassadors with Sudan, ending 23-year gap|date=2019-12-04|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2019-12-05|language=en}}</ref> In October 2020, [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Donald Trump]] announced that he would remove Sudan from the US state sponsor of terrorism list in return for Sudan paying US$355 million in compensation to American victims of terrorism and their families.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spetalnick |first1=Matt |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Abdelaziz |first3=Khalid |last4=Williams |first4=Dan |editor1-last=Chang|editor1-first=Richard|editor2-last=Osterman|editor2-first= Cynthia|editor3-last=Goller|editor3-first=Howard|title=Trump: U.S. to remove Sudan from state terrorism sponsors list after payment to victims |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-usa/trump-u-s-to-remove-sudan-from-state-terrorism-sponsors-list-after-payment-to-victims-idUSKBN2742BE?il=0 |access-date=19 October 2020 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=19 October 2020}}</ref> In addition, Sudan also established diplomatic relations with Israel with US support.<ref name="WSJ Sudan Israel" />
|}

===Asia===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|China}}||See [[China–Sudan relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1959.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=60-Year Fruitful Partnership Paves the Way to a Brighter Future |url=http://sd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202011/t20201105_6687795.htm#:~:text=Since%20the%20two%20sides%20established,to%20achieve%20win%2Dwin%20results. |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Sudan}}</ref>

China is Sudan's biggest trade partner. China imports oil, from Sudan, and Sudan imports low cost items as well as armaments from China. China and Sudan enjoy a very robust and productive relationship in the fields of diplomacy, economic trade, and political strategic. The two nations established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1959 and have since become strongly close global allies. Education also has close ties, as Sudanese students go to China to learn Chinese, and Chinese students go to Sudan to learn Arabic.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Iran}}||See [[Iran-Sudan relations]]
Relations between Sudan and Iran have long been cordial due to their opposition to [[Israel]] and extensive trade and diplomatic services existed between the two nations. In January 2016, Sudan severed relations with Iran, choosing instead to align itself with Saudi Arabia's isolation of Tehran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57584|title=Sudan severs diplomatic ties with Iran - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=Sudan Tribune|date=15 June 2016|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004733/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57584|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Iraq}}||
Sudan has an embassy in [[Baghdad]] and Iraq's embassy is in Khartoum.

During the [[Iran–Iraq War|war between Iraq and Iran]] in the 1980s, Sudan maintained a careful balancing act, calling for a cessation of hostilities but sympathizing with Iraq.<ref name="loc2015" /> Sudan on several occasions offered to mediate the conflict.<ref name="loc2015" /> By 1988, Sudan called for an end to the war on the basis of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 598]].<ref name="loc2015" /> Sudan supported Iraq's [[invasion of Kuwait]] in 1990, leading to a period of close relations with Baghdad.<ref name="loc2015" /> Iraq was believed to have supplied weapons to Sudan and in the mid-1990s agreed to help Sudan exploit its oil wealth.<ref name="loc2015" /> Although Sudan was trying to improve [[Sudan–United States relations|relations with the United States]] after the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks]], it remained critical of the subsequent American-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]].<ref name="loc2015" /> Following the overthrow of the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist regime]], however, Sudan's position on Iraq became more nuanced.<ref name="loc2015" /> On the one hand, it was quick to criticize the United States, which harshly condemned Sudan's record on human rights, for its double standard in dealing with prisoners in Iraq.<ref name="loc2015" /> It also advised Sudanese not to work with U.S. contractors in the country.<ref name="loc2015" /> By late 2004, however, Sudan's relations with the new Iraqi government had improved to the point that Iraq's foreign minister visited Khartoum and met with al-Bashir. Subsequently, Sudan generally avoided commenting on Iraq.<ref name="loc2015" />
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Israel}}||See [[Israel–Sudan relations]]

When the [[Six-Day War|Arab-Israeli war]] began in June 1967, Sudan declared war on [[Israel]]. However, in the early 1970s, Sudan gradually shifted its stance and was supportive of the [[Camp David Accords (1978)|Camp David Accords]]. In January 2016, Sudanese Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour floated normalized ties with Israel provided the U.S. government lifts economic sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/sudan-said-willing-to-consider-normalizing-ties-with-israel/|title=Sudan said willing to consider normalizing ties with Israel|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Despite official denials from the Sudanese government, it is suspected that Israel and Sudan maintain covert relations along with other moderate Sunni states as Sudan is a member of the "Saudi coalition" and both nations are vehemently opposed to Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/time-to-publicize-secret-ties-with-arab-states-netanyahu-says/|title=Time for Arab states to publicize their Israel ties, Netanyahu says|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>

On 23 October 2020, Sudan agreed to normalize relations with Israel in return for the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]] removing Sudan from the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism, easing a barrier to economic aid and investment in Sudan.<ref name="BBC Sudan-Israel">{{cite news |title=Sudan-Israel relations agreed, Donald Trump announces|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54554286 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121005902/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54554286 |archive-date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="WSJ Sudan Israel">{{cite news |last1=Steinhauser |first1=Gabriele |last2=Bariyo |first2=Nicholas |title=Israel-Sudan Deal: Sudan Removed From U.S. Terrorism List |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-deal-what-does-the-pact-mean-and-why-now-11603483853 |access-date=18 December 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202071830/https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-deal-what-does-the-pact-mean-and-why-now-11603483853 |archive-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Malaysia}}||See [[Malaysia–Sudan relations]].
Malaysia has an embassy in Khartoum, while Sudan has an embassy in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sudanembassy-kl.org.my/ |title=Sudan Embassy in Kuala Lumpur |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503000444/http://www.sudanembassy-kl.org.my/ |archive-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both countries are members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], Sudan has brotherly relations with Malaysia.

In October 2021, bilateral relations with Malaysia were adversely affected by the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sudanese transitional government]]'s seizure of Petronas' Sudanese assets on the allegation that they had been acquired through illegal means during the rule of ousted [[President of Sudan|Sudanese President]] [[Omar al-Bashir]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aslan |first1=Dilara |title=Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Daily Sabah]] |date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008064956/https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/sudanese-government-seeks-confiscation-of-malaysias-petronas-assets |archive-date=8 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Malaysian Government urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty while Petronas submitted an arbitration request at the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes]] (ICSID).<ref>{{cite web |title=Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum |url=https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)|Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013141919/https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/issue-of-petronas-sudan-complex-in-khartoum |archive-date=13 October 2021 |date=13 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Malay Mail]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013153724/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/13/malaysia-urges-sudan-to-honour-bilateral-treaty-observe-sanctity-of-a-diplo/2013155 |archive-date=13 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Siew Mung |title=Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers |url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]] |date=13 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014061101/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/petronas-pursuing-legal-action-cancel-arrest-warrant-issued-against-exofficers |archive-date=14 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Middle East Monitor]] contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the transitional Sudanese government's actions were part of a foreign policy to move away from traditional allies like Turkey, Qatar and China and to court Western investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nasim |title=Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |access-date=15 October 2021 |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009230119/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210928-sudan-is-turning-on-former-allies-under-the-pretext-of-fighting-corruption/ |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Pakistan}}||See [[Pakistan–Sudan relations]].
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1956.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=Asian Recorder - Volume 2 |publisher=1956 |pages=1105}}</ref>

Relations between Pakistan and Sudan have been characterised as close, warm, brotherly, and cordial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/07/11/city/islamabad/pakistan-sudan-enjoy-cordial-relations-badar/|title=Pakistan, Sudan enjoy cordial relations: Badar|website=Pakistan Today|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Both Pakistan and Sudan share the [[Islam|same religion]] as well as historical baggage of colonial rule. Both countries are members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], the [[Like Minded Group]], and the [[Group of 77]] in the [[United Nations]].

Bilateral relations strengthened when Sudan declared its support for Pakistan in the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani wars]], and Pakistan stood by Sudan over its integrity and sovereignty, especially on its boundary disputes with both [[Egypt]] and [[South Sudan]]. Pakistan also contributed to the UN peacekeeping force in Sudan with [[Pakistan Armed Forces|1,542 personnel and 92 observers]] during the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]].<ref name="muslim-institute.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.muslim-institute.org/PublicationDetail?publication=85/Republic-of-Sudan-(History-and-future-of-a-country-battered-by-Civil-Wars)|title=Republic of Sudan (History and future of a country battered by Civil Wars) - MUSLIM Institute|website=muslim-institute.org|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113231303/http://www.muslim-institute.org/PublicationDetail?publication=85%2FRepublic-of-Sudan-%28History-and-future-of-a-country-battered-by-Civil-Wars%29|archive-date=13 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Through various memorandums of understanding, the two cooperate in the fields of agriculture, healthcare and education. Pakistan is also supporting Sudan with higher education as more than five hundred students from Sudan study in the universities of Pakistan which is the highest number of Sudanese students to any foreign country.<ref name="muslim-institute.org" /> In the past, Pakistan has offered medical training to Sudanese without any tuition fees.<ref>http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/12296/pak-sudan-relations-thank-you-pakistan/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728233521/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/12296/pak-sudan-relations-thank-you-pakistan/ |date=28 July 2012 }} From Sudan: Thank you Pakistan!</ref> Sudan donated generously in the relief efforts during [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|earthquake in 2005]] and [[2010 Pakistan floods|floods in 2010 in Pakistan]]. In turn, [[Pakistan]] has sent aid to Sudan during drought and famine. UNMIS Pakistani contingent regularly holds free clinics in remote areas of [[Blue Nile State]] that are currently inaccessible by land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unmis.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=600&ctl=Details&mid=697&ItemID=4651|title=Pakistanis assisting with DDR|date=12 July 2009|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> In 2009, 37th such event was held near [[Ad-Damazin]] where over 1,500 patients were treated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unmis.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=511&ctl=Details&mid=697&ItemID=6536|title=Pakistanis hold free medical camp in Kadala|date=23 November 2009|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-pakistanis-hold-free-medical-camp-kadala|title=Sudan: Pakistanis hold free medical camp in Kadala|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>

Pakistan and Sudan regularly engage in collaborative dialogue at OIC summits to improve political stability in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Islamic World]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/13/content_8162843.htm |title=Pakistan, Sudan agree to enhance bilateral cooperation_English_Xinhua |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214233601/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-05/13/content_8162843.htm |archive-date=14 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, President [[Mamnoon Hussain]] proposed a third round of Pakistan-Sudan Joint Ministerial Commission (JMC) to enhance cooperation in trade, economic and defence sectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/15-Dec-2014/pakistan-keen-to-strengthen-trade-defence-ties-with-sudan-mamnoon |title=Pakistan keen to strengthen trade, defence ties with Sudan:Mamnoon |access-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075857/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/15-Dec-2014/pakistan-keen-to-strengthen-trade-defence-ties-with-sudan-mamnoon |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Qatar}}||See [[Qatar–Sudan relations]]
Relations between Qatar and Sudan were first established in 1972, when Qatar inaugurated its embassy in Sudan's capital, Khartoum.<ref name="qatariembassy">{{cite web|url=http://khartoum.embassy.qa/en/republic-of-sudan/qatar-sudan-relations|title=Qatar–Sudan relations|publisher=Qatari Embassy in Khartoum|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118190208/http://khartoum.embassy.qa/en/republic-of-sudan/qatar-sudan-relations|url-status=dead}}</ref> In turn, Sudan has an embassy in [[Doha]], Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy19626/|title=Sudanese Embassy in Doha, Qatar|website=embassypages.com|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> Qatar remains one of the largest foreign investors in Sudan,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/story/568527/Qatari-Sudanese-ties-years-of-co-operation-and-exc|title=Qatari-Sudanese ties – years of co-operation and excellence|newspaper=Gulf Times|date=24 October 2017|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> and has helped broker peace agreements between the Sudanese government and rebel factions in [[Darfur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-darfur-ceasfire/sudan-darfur-rebels-sign-ceasefire-in-qatar-media-idUSBRE91A0FT20130211|title=Sudan, Darfur rebels sign ceasefire in Qatar: media|work=Reuters|date=11 February 2013|access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|See [[Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations]].
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1956 when Minister of the Republic of Sudan to Saudi Arabia, Sayyid Mahjoub Maccawi, presented his credentials to King Saud.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=U.S. Records on Saudi Affairs, 1945-1959: Internal affairs, 1955-1958 |publisher=Archive Editions Limited |year=1997 |pages=407, 582}}</ref>

Saudi Arabia had been an important source of financial support for Sudan prior to the 1990–91 Gulf War.<ref name="loci2015" /> Sudan's support for Iraq adversely affected its relations with Saudi Arabia, and al-Turabi's brand of Islamism was not in tune with Saudi Wahhabi philosophy.<ref name="loci2015" /> Riyadh suspended grants, project loans, and concessionary oil sales.<ref name="loci2015" /> This action had a devastating impact on Sudan's budget and economy.<ref name="loci2015" /> The relationship normalized by 1995 and continued to improve.<ref name="loci2015" /> The two countries signed an agreement in 2004 to set up a political coordination committee.<ref name="loci2015" /> Al-Bashir visited Saudi Arabia in May 2004, and Saudi leaders subsequently supported Sudan's handling of the crisis in Darfur.<ref name="loci2015" /> In 2005 the two countries signed two security agreements on combating crime, drug trafficking, and terrorism.<ref name="loci2015" /> Saudi Arabia also began providing assistance for development projects in South Sudan.<ref name="loci2015" /> Significant numbers of Sudanese had for many years worked in Saudi Arabia, a factor that increased the importance of the relationship.<ref name="loci2015" />
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Korea}}||
The requirement for all other agencies with intelligence-gathering and analysis functions in their charters to coordinate their activities with the [[Agency for National Security Planning|ANSP]] was reaffirmed.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://portal.nis.go.kr/app/overseas/worldinfo/totalview?midArr=&fieldArr=ko_name%2Cen_name&keyWord=%BC%F6%B4%DC&page=1&area=&dataNo=12201&viewNo=1 |script-title= ko:세계각국소개: 수단 |language= ko |publisher= [[National Intelligence Service (South Korea)|National Intelligence Service]] |access-date= 8 July 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Syria}}
|See [[Sudan–Syria relations]]
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1957 when has been accredited Ambassador of Syria to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Abdel Rahman El Azm.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1957 |pages=50}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

|{{flag|Turkey}}||See [[Sudan–Turkey relations]]
* Turkey and Sudan established bilateral relations on 25 August 1957,<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=1958 |pages=26 |quote=9.TURKEY H.E. Shams El Din Arif Mardin ... 25.8.57}}</ref> although there has been diplomatic contact in the past as Sudan was under the [[Ottoman rule]] of Muhammad Ali Pasha.
* [[Sudan]] has an embassy in [[Ankara]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-sudan.en.mfa| title= Relations between Turkey and Sudan}}</ref>
*Turkey has an embassy in [[Khartoum]].<ref name=":0" />
*Trade volume between the two countries was US$434 million in 2019 (Sudanese exports/imports: 73/361 million USD).<ref name=":0" />
*[[Yunus Emre Institute]] has a local headquarters in [[Khartoum]].

Although on opposing sides of the [[Peace Process in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|Middle East Peace Process]] spectrum, Turkey and Sudan have in recent years joined forces to end the ongoing conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Both countries have made repeated plea talks during the [[2008-2009 Israel-Gaza Conflict|offensive in Gaza during the beginning of 2009]] to Palestinian officials to be of both economic and political aid to the turmoilic state.
|- valign="top"

|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}||See [[Sudan–United Arab Emirates relations]]
The [[Democratic Republic of Sudan]] was one of the first countries where the UAE established diplomatic relations, during the presidency of [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Jaafar Nimeiri]]. On 7 May 2025, Sudan severed its relations with the UAE over accusations of the latter supporting the [[Rapid Support Forces]] in the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese Civil War]].<ref name="BBC" />
|-
|{{Flag|Yemen}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1956 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of Legation of the Yemen to Sudan Sayed Salah Ahmed El Masri.<ref name="Sudan Almanac"/>
As of 2011, relations between Yemen and Sudan were not particularly strong, but they took on added importance after Yemen, Sudan, and Ethiopia developed an alliance late in 2003.<ref name="loci2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen |editor-last=Berry|editor1-first=LaVerle|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf|encyclopedia=Sudan: a country study|date=2015|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0|edition=5th|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=287–288|postscript=. {{PD-notice}} Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.}}</ref> The leaders of the three countries subsequently met frequently; the focus of their concern was often Eritrea.<ref name="loci2015" /> This alliance took an interesting twist at the end of 2004, when Yemeni president Ali Abdallah Salih offered to mediate differences between Sudan and Eritrea.<ref name="loci2015" /> As Sudan–Eritrea relations improved, the tripartite alliance with Ethiopia became dormant.<ref name="loci2015" /> The heads of government of Sudan, Yemen, Ethiopia, and Somalia did meet in Addis Ababa early in 2007, where they focused on the situation in Somalia.<ref name="loci2015" /> Sudan and Yemen also signed 14 cooperative agreements in mid-2007.<ref name="loci2015" /> As of early 2011, Sudan–Yemen relations were cordial but less significant than they had been several years before.<ref name="loci2015" />
|}

===Europe===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
!Notes 
|-
|{{Flag|European Union}}
|The European Union (EU) served as an important barometer of Western political views toward Sudan's policies and sometimes offset more critical American positions.<ref name="locf2015" /> The EU, for example, tended to be more understanding of the problems facing Sudan in resolving the crisis in Darfur.<ref name="locf2015" /> It also declined, unlike the United States, to call the killings in Darfur genocide.<ref name="locf2015" /> It engaged in constructive engagement with Sudan and was reluctant to impose sanctions, but it was willing to decrease or stop development aid in response to Khartoum's crackdowns and had imposed an arms embargo.<ref name="locf2015" /> The EU's principal concern in Sudan was humanitarian assistance, help with conflict resolution, and implementation of the CPA.<ref name="locf2015" /> Formerly, the EU collectively was the largest destination for Sudanese exports, mainly gold and gum arabic, but since at least 2000 Chinese and Japanese imports of petroleum from Sudan had surpassed the value of imports by the EU.<ref name="locf2015" /> Many EU countries had small numbers of military personnel assigned to UNMIS.<ref name="locf2015" />
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Austria}}||See [[Foreign relations of Austria|Austria–Sudan relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1956<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Michael Th Neugebauer |title=Die österreichisch-afrikanischen Beziehungen seit 1955 Wirtschaft, Politik, Entwicklungspolitik, Kultur |publisher=Böhlau |year=1992 |pages=107 |language=de}}</ref>

On 14 February 1958 has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Austria to Sudan Mr. Erich Hochleither.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Egypt. Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah |year=1958 |pages=28}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belarus}}||
See [[Belarus–Sudan relations]]

Belarus and Sudan have maintained good relations since several decades. Belarus exports weapons and military hardware to Sudan since 1996. In 2003, Belarus supplied Sudan with nine [[BMP-2]] infantry fighting vehicles, 39 [[BRDM-2]] armoured reconnaissance vehicles, 16 [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)]] howitzer guns, 10 [[2S1 Gvozdika]] self-propelled howitzers and six [[BM-21 Grad]] multiple rocket launchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article10280|title=Belarus reports arms sales to Sudan - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=Sudan Tribune|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035015/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article10280|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, a Sudanese delegation attended a Belarus arms show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article21868|title=Sudan, Central Asia to attend Belarus arms show - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=Sudan Tribune|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032426/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article21868|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, Belarus exported [[Su-24]] planes to Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theaviationist.com/2013/08/19/sudan-su-24/|title=Sudan gets second hand Belarusian Su-24 Fencer attack planes. And here are some photos.|date=19 August 2013|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Belarusian president [[Alexander Lukashenko]] visited Sudan. On this occasion, delegations signed contracts worth $50 million. In the near future Sudan plans to test a Belarusian harvester which was especially designed for the country taking into account its climate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.belta.by/economics/view/belarus-sudan-sign-50m-worth-of-contracts-in-khartoum-98018-2017/|title=Belarus, Sudan sign $50m worth of contracts in Khartoum|date=18 January 2017|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Additionally, Belarus Energy Minister Vladimir Potupchik said Belarus is ready to take part in the construction and reconstruction of energy facilities in Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.belta.by/economics/view/belarus-ready-to-take-part-in-sudans-construction-projects-98007-2017/|title=Belarus ready to take part in Sudan's construction projects|date=17 January 2017|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Also in January 2017, Sudanese President [[Omar al-Bashir]] and his Belarusian counterpart [[Alexander Lukashenko]] signed in [[Khartoum]] a Comprehensive Friendship and Cooperation Agreement between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-01/17/c_135991071.htm|title=Sudan, Belarus sign landmark deal highlighting economic boost - Xinhua - English.news.cn|agency=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||See [[Bulgaria–Sudan relations]]

In 1967, Bulgaria sent the first Bulgarian ambassador to Khartoum.  The activities of the Bulgarian embassy in Khartoum were terminated in April 1990, and later reestablished in March 2005. In 2006 the General Consulate of the Sudan, in [[Sofia]], Bulgaria has been upgraded to the rank of embassy.<ref>{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.sudansof.org/HistoryDip.htm
 |title        = Bulgarian-Sudanese Diplomatic Relations
 |publisher    = Sudan Embassy in Bulgaria
 |access-date   = 18 July 2009
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071238/http://www.sudansof.org/HistoryDip.htm
 |archive-date = 28 July 2011
 |url-status     = dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Cyprus}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1962 and the first Sudanese Ambassador Sayed Husseini presented his credentials to President Makarios.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book |title=Mideast Mirror Volume 14 |publisher=Arab News Agency |year=1962 |pages=20}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Denmark}}||
See [[Denmark–Sudan relations]]

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |title=Udenrigsministeriets kalender |publisher=Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet |year=1962 |pages=169 |language=da}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1960 |pages=32}}</ref>

Danish-Sudanese relations are extremely poor. On 27 February 2008, Sudan decided to boycott Danish goods after the controversial [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Muhammad cartoons]] have been reprinted by a series of newspapers in Denmark and other European countries. Sudanese president [[Omar al-Bashir]] has backed up the country and other Muslim states, requiring them to boycott Danish products just as Sudan did. He even stated that "No Danes shall ever again be able to set foot in Sudan." Due to the tensions, the two countries have closed their embassies. 
|-
|{{Flag|France}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1956 when has been accredited Ambassador of France to Sudan Mr. Christian Auboyneau.<ref name="Sudan Almanac"/>
France has had a long history as one of Sudan's principal commercial partners.<ref name="locf2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=European Union, Britain, and France |editor-last=Berry|editor1-first=LaVerle|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf|encyclopedia=Sudan: a country study|date=2015|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0|edition=5th|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=291–292|postscript=. {{PD-notice}} Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.}}</ref> A French company was one of the prime contractors on the ill-fated Jonglei Canal.<ref name="locf2015" /> In the early 1980s, Sudan awarded a concession to the French oil company, TotalFinaElf, for development of the oil reserves in Block Five in South Sudan.<ref name="locf2015" /> Although the company stopped work there following the resumption of civil war, it retained the concession and initiated steps in 2004 to return.<ref name="locf2015" /> France also sided with the government of Sudan in 2004 when it asserted that the situation in Darfur should not be described as genocide.<ref name="locf2015" /> Chad, a former French colony and in recent years a country with which it had close relations, tended to influence France's view of the situation in Darfur.<ref name="locf2015" /> French policy on Darfur became more critical following the election in 2007 of President Nicolas Sarkozy.<ref name="locf2015" /> France hosted in June 2007 the United States, China, and some 15 other countries at a major conference intended to launch a new international effort to end the atrocities in Darfur.<ref name="locf2015" /> The government of Sudan, angry that it was not consulted, boycotted the conference.<ref name="locf2015" /> In recent years, France has shown less interest in Sudan while its policy seemed to depend on which official was speaking.<ref name="locf2015" /> 

France is hosting an international conference on Sudan on April 15, 2024, leading to a humanitarian and political crisis.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-15 |title=France hosts conference on aid to war-torn Sudan |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/15/france-hosts-conference-on-aid-to-war-torn-sudan_6668451_4.html |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=en}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Russia}}||See [[Russia–Sudan relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1956.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://sudan.mid.ru/en/dvustoronnie_otnosheniya/#:~:text=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20the%20USSR,dynamics%20to%20the%20rising%20relations. |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Sudan}}</ref>

Russia has an embassy in Khartoum and Sudan has an embassy in [[Moscow]].

For decades, [[Russia]] and Sudan have maintained a strong economic and politically strategic partnership. Due to solidarity with both the [[United States]] and with the [[Soviet Union]] and with the allies of the two nations, Sudan declared neutrality and instead chose membership in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] throughout the [[Cold War]]. Russo-Sudanese relations were minorly damaged when, in 1971 members of the [[Sudanese Communist Party]] attempted to assassinate then-president [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], and Nimeiry pegged the blame on the USSR, thus enhancing Sudanese relations with the West, and were damaged again when Sudan supported the [[Mujahadeen]] in [[Afghanistan]] [[Soviet–Afghan War|when the USSR invaded in 1979]]. Due to [[United States|a common enemy]], diplomatic cooperation between the two countries dramatically got back on track during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when [[Vladimir Putin]] was elected the [[President of Russia|President]], and then the [[Prime Minister of Russia]], and along with [[President of the People's Republic of China|Chinese]] leader [[Hu Jintao]] opposed [[United Nations|UN]] Peacekeepers in [[Darfur]]. Russia strongly supports Sudan's [[territorial integrity]] and opposes the creation of an independent Darfurian state. Also, Russia is Sudan's strongest investment partner in [[Europe]] and political ally in Europe, and Russia has repeatedly and significantly regarded Sudan as an important global ally in [[Africa|the African continent]]. For decades there have been Sudanese collegians studying in Russian universities. 
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Spain}}||See [[Spain–Sudan relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1956 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Sudan (Resident in Cairo) Don Jose Castano y Cardona.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1957 |pages=49}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Sweden}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1957 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Sudan (Resident in Addis Ababa) Dr. Bjorn Axel Eyvind Bratt.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Egypt. Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah |year=1959 |pages=49}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1960 when has been accredited Ambassador of Switzerland to Sudan (Resident in Cairo) Dr. Jean-Louis Pahud.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1961 |pages=57}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Ukraine}}||See [[Sudan-Ukraine relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1992.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Legal basis of Ukraine and Sudan |url=https://egypt.mfa.gov.ua/en/partnership/505-dogovirno-pravova-baza-mizh-ukrajinoju-ta-sudanom |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Embassy of Ukraine to Arab Republic of Egypt}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}||See [[Sudan–United Kingdom relations]]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1956 when has been accredited Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sudan Sir Edwin A. Chapman-Andrews.<ref name="Sudan Almanac"/>

In March 2009, Sudan expelled several major foreign aid agencies including Oxfam<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-06-fg-sudan-bashir6-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Sudan president dismisses international court's war crimes charges |first=Edmund |last=Sanders |date=6 March 2009 |access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903050606.html|title=Sudan: Govt Bans Aid Agencies From Darfur|first=Faatimah|last=Hendricks|date=5 March 2009|access-date=24 November 2017|via=AllAfrica}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5918892.ece |work=The Times |location=London |title=Leave your aid at the airport and go President alBashir tells foreign workers |first=Rob |last=Crilly |date=16 March 2009 |access-date=2 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and Save the Children from Darfur in response to the extradition request of Omar al-Bashir to answer ICC charges. President al-Bashir accused foreign aid workers of being "spies" and "thieves".<ref name="times"/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ctvnews.ca/sudan-s-bashir-calls-expelled-aid-groups-spies-1.377176| title = CTV.ca}}</ref> Penny Lawrence, Oxfam's international director, said of the ban "It will affect more than 600,000 Sudanese people whom we provide with vital humanitarian and development aid, including clean water and sanitation on a daily basis."<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/sudan/4940315/Sudan-expels-Oxfam-and-Mdecins-Sans-Frontires-from-Darfur-over-war-crimes-threat-to-Omar-al-Bashir.html Sudan expels Oxfam and Médecins Sans Frontières from Darfur over war crimes threat to Omar al-Bashir] ''The Daily Telegraph''. 4 March 2009</ref>

Gordon Brown said in response "The humanitarian agencies that are working in Sudan should be allowed to stay there and continue their work."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/154256/Britains-PM-asks-whole-world-to-pressure-Sudan|title=Britain's PM asks 'whole world' to pressure Sudan}}</ref>

In April 2009, Oxfam and other aid agencies appealed their ban<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30396|title=Aid agencies appealing eviction order by Sudan - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=Sudan Tribune|date=16 March 2009|access-date=24 November 2017|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175938/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30396|url-status=dead}}</ref> saying that "The expulsion is already affecting the lives of hundreds of thousands of the very poorest and most vulnerable Sudanese people".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/962e5b08e0fbe1a8630a20814cd0f97d.htm|title=Humanitarian - Thomson Reuters Foundation News|first=Thomson Reuters|last=Foundation|website=alertnet.org|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref> Oxfam have denied working for the ICC saying that "We don't have an agreement with the ICC, we are a humanitarian organisation and we are impartial," and "We don't have anything to do with the ICC and we don't have a position on its decision."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/03/2009330175846714662.html|title=Arab leaders snub al-Bashir warrant|website=english.aljazeera.net|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>
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