Editing Foreign relations of Spain (section)

===Charles V===
{{Main|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
Charles V (1500–1558) inherited vast lands across Western Europe and the Americas, and expanded them by frequent wars.<ref>Geoffrey Parker, ''Emperor: A New Life of Charles V'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Emperor-New-Life-Charles-V/dp/0300196520/  excerpt]</ref> Among other domains he was King of Spain from 1516, and Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519. As head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and a unified Spain with its southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. His great enemy on land was France, on the Mediterranean Sea it was the Ottoman Empire, which at times was allied with France.  England and the Papacy were sometimes part of the coalition against him. Much of his attention focused on wars in Italy. At the [[Diet of Augsburg]] (1547) he secured recognition that the Netherlands belonged to the Hapsburg domain. However Charles was intensely Catholic and the northern Netherlands  was Protestant. He and his Spanish heirs fought for a century against Dutch independence; despite the enormous cost they failed.<ref>Karl Brandi, ''The Emperor Charles V: the growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire'' (1971) [https://archive.org/details/emperorcharlesvg0000bran  online]</ref>