Editing Foreign relations of Somalia (section)

==Bilateral relations==
===Africa===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Djibouti}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Djibouti–Somalia relations]]

As the headquarters of the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] regional body, [[Djibouti]] has been an active participant in the Somali peace process. It hosted the [[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] conference in 2000,<ref name="Somvir">{{cite web |url=http://somavires.org/diary.html |title=The Rise and Fall of the Somalia Airforce: A Diary Reflection |publisher=Somavires.org |access-date=2013-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226192809/http://somavires.org/diary.html |archive-date=2014-02-26 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> as well as the 2008-2009 talks between the [[Transitional Federal Government]] and the [[Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia]], which led to the formation of a coalition government.<ref name="Cwfsom">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612204029/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 12, 2007|title=Somalia|work=[[World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=2013-03-22}}</ref> In 2011, Djibouti joined the [[African Union Mission to Somalia]].<ref name="Sdpaimtja">{{cite news|title=Somalia: Djibouti Peacekeepers Arrive in Mogadishu to Join Amisom|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112211223.html|access-date=22 March 2013|newspaper=Garowe Online|date=21 December 2011}}</ref> Following the establishment of the [[Federal Government of Somalia]] in 2012,<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm">{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=Forum on China-Africa Cooperation|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> a Djibouti delegation also attended the inauguration ceremony of Somalia's new president.<ref name="Piuinefs">{{cite news|last=Mohamed|first=Mahmoud|title=Presidential inauguration ushers in new era for Somalia|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/09/17/feature-01|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Egypt}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Egypt–Somalia relations]]

Relations between the territories of present-day [[Egypt]] and Somalia stretch back to antiquity.<ref name="Aroemofa">{{cite web|title=Somalia - Brief History|url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/EgyptianForeignPolicy/EgyptianArabRelation/BilateralRelations/Somalia/Pages/History.aspx|publisher=Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=14 December 2014|archive-date=14 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214231447/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/EgyptianForeignPolicy/EgyptianArabRelation/BilateralRelations/Somalia/Pages/History.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the Middle Ages and early modern era, the various [[Somali aristocratic and court titles|Somali Sultanates]] also maintained close relations with their counterparts in Egypt.<ref>P. L. Shinnie, ''The African Iron Age'', (Clarendon Press: 1971), p.135</ref>

During the ensuing colonial period, Egypt and Somalia kept close ties through the UN delegate to Somalia Kamal El Din Salah, who supported the territorial integrity of the Somali territories. Upon independence of the Somali Republic in 1960, Egypt was among the first nations to recognize the nascent country. It subsequently invested heavily in the education sector, with [[Cairo]]'s [[Al-Azhar University]] leading scholastic and [[Muslim]] missions in Mogadishu, among other areas.<ref name="Aroemofa"/> In 1969, Somalia and Egypt were among the founding members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). Both nations are also members of the [[League of Arab States]].

After the start of the civil war in Somalia in 1991, Egypt maintained diplomatic relations with the Transitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government, and supported their state-building initiatives. As part of the International Contact Group, the Egyptian authorities participated in various global summits in support of the Somali peace process, including the Khartoum Conference in 2006, the Djibouti Conference in 2008, and the Cairo Conference in 2010. It also organized diplomatic training for Somali government officials in conjunction with the Somali Institute for Diplomatic Studies.<ref name="Aroemofa"/>

The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomed by the Egyptian authorities, who re-affirmed Egypt's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref name="Cosgmsos">{{cite web |title=Communiqué on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sg2187.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations|access-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ethiopia–Somalia relations]]

Relations between the peoples of Somalia and Ethiopia stretch back to antiquity, to a common origin. The Ethiopian region is one of the proposed homelands of the [[Horn of Africa]]'s various [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] communities.<ref name="Levine">{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Donald N.|title=Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multi-ethnic Society|year=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0226475611|pages=27–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC}}</ref>

During the Middle Ages, Somali [[Imam]] [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi]] (Ahmad Gurey or Gragn) led a [[Ethiopian-Adal War|Conquest of Abyssinia]] (''Futuh al-Habash''), which brought three-quarters of the Christian [[Ethiopian Empire]] under the power of the [[Muslim]] [[Adal Sultanate]].<ref>Saheed A. Adejumobi, ''The History of Ethiopia'', (Greenwood Press: 2006), p.178</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 1, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2005), p.163</ref> With an army mainly composed of [[Somali people|Somalis]],<ref>John L. Esposito, editor, ''The Oxford History of Islam'', (Oxford University Press: 2000), p. 501</ref> Many historians trace the origins of tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia to this war.<ref>David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar, ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'' (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987).</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, a territorial dispute over the [[Ogaden]] region led to various armed confrontations between the Somali and Ethiopian militaries. The tensions culminated in the [[Ogaden War]], which saw the Somali army capture most of the disputed territory by September 1977, before finally being expelled by a coalition of communist forces.

With changes in leadership in the early 1990s brought on by the start of the [[Somali Civil War]] and [[Ethiopian Civil War]], respectively, relations between the Somali and Ethiopian authorities entered a new phase of military cooperation against the [[Islamic Courts Union]] (ICU) rebel group and its more radical successor [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]]. In October 2011, a [[Operation Linda Nchi|coordinated multinational operation]] began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia; the Ethiopian military eventually joined the [[Transitional Federal Government]]-led mission the following month.<ref name="Eatbsaois">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html |title=Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Military Operations, IGAD Says |work=Businessweek |date=1 December 2011 |access-date=22 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154359/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 }}</ref>

The Federal Government of Somalia was later established on August 20, 2012,<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> representing the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> The following month, [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] was elected as the new Somali government's first President, with the Ethiopian authorities welcoming his selection and newly appointed Prime Minister of Ethiopia [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] attending Mohamud's inauguration ceremony.<ref name="Piuinefs"/>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Kenya}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Kenya–Somalia relations]]

Relations between Kenya and Somalia have historically been tense. Agitations over self-determination in the Somali-inhabited [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|Northern Frontier District]] culminated in the [[Shifta War]] during the 1960s.<ref name="Howard">[[Rhoda E. Howard]], ''Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa'', (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.: 1986), p.95</ref> Although the conflict ended in a cease-fire, Somalis in the region still identify and maintain close ties with their kin in Somalia.<ref name="Godfrey">Godfrey Mwakikagile, ''Kenya: identity of a nation'', (Godfrey Mwakikagile: 2007), p.79.</ref>

In October 2011, a [[Operation Linda Nchi|coordinated operation]] between the [[Somali Armed Forces|Somali military]] and the [[Kenya Defence Forces|Kenyan military]] began against the [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] group of insurgents in southern Somalia.<ref name="Tssgskfm">{{cite web|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |title=Somalia government supports Kenyan forces' mission |publisher=Standardmedia.co.ke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153558/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/agriculture/InsidePage.php?id=2000045933&cid=4& |archive-date=2012-03-14 }}</ref><ref name="Jointc">{{cite web|title=Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi |url=http://www.mfa.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399:joint-communique&catid=35:news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130172143/http://www.mfa.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399%3Ajoint-communique&catid=35%3Anews |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kenya |access-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref> The mission was officially led by the Somali army, with the Kenyan forces providing a support role.<ref name="Jointc"/> In early June 2012, Kenyan troops were formally integrated into [[AMISOM]].<ref name="Gkdmaaaism">{{cite news|title=Kenya: Defense Minister appointed as acting Internal Security Minister |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Kenya_Defense_Minister_appointed_as_acting_Internal_Security_Minister.shtml |access-date=20 June 2012 |newspaper=Garowe Online |date=19 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130165830/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Kenya_Defense_Minister_appointed_as_acting_Internal_Security_Minister.shtml |archive-date=30 November 2012 }}</ref>
|}

===Americas===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Brazil}}||<!--Date started-->||

* Brazil is accredited to Somalia from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.<ref name="BR-Nairobi">{{cite web|url=http://nairobi.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/|title=Embassy of Brazil in Nairobi|website=Ministério das Relações Exteriores|access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>
* Somalia does not have an accreditation to Brazil.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Canada}}||<!--Date started-->||

* Canada is accredited to Somalia from its high commission in Nairobi, Kenya.
* Somalia has a resident embassy in [[Ottawa]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico}}||<!--Date started-->5 August 1975||

* Mexico is accredited to Somalia from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/etiopia/| title = Embassy of Mexico in Ethiopia}}</ref>
* Somalia does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United States}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Somalia–United States relations]]

After the collapse of the Barre government and the start of the civil war in the early 1990s, the U.S. embassy in Mogadishu closed down. However, the American government never formally severed diplomatic ties with Somalia. The U.S. acknowledged and supported the internationally recognized, UN-backed Transitional Federal Government as the country's national governing body. It also engages Somalia's smaller regional administrations, such as Puntland and Somaliland, to ensure broad-based inclusion in the peace process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/220/The_US_Dual_Track_Policy_Towards_Somalia_ |title=The US Dual Track Policy Towards Somalia |publisher=Somaliareport.com |date=2010-08-05 |access-date=2013-09-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511224410/http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/220/The_US_Dual_Track_Policy_Towards_Somalia_ |archive-date=2013-05-11 }}</ref>
[[File:Hasshkmhdjhnkry.jpg|thumb|President of Somalia [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] with [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]] at the State Department (September 2013).]]
As of 2011, the United States maintains a non-resident diplomatic mission for Somalia in [[Nairobi]]. In addition, the Somalia embassy in the U.S. until recently had as its ambassador-designate [[Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke]], the former [[List of Prime Ministers of Somalia|Prime Minister]] of Somalia.<ref name=president>{{cite web| url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h4xe0fp9mqSc4ueXeVWFk4G-uTkw | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090219020936/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h4xe0fp9mqSc4ueXeVWFk4G-uTkw | url-status = dead | archive-date = February 19, 2009 | title = Somali president names Sharmarke as new PM | access-date = 2009-02-14 | date = 2009-02-13 | publisher = [[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><ref name=unity>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-02-13-voa18.cfm |title=Sharmarke Chosen as PM in Somalia's National Unity Government |access-date=2009-02-14 |date=2009-02-13 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214170533/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-02-13-voa18.cfm |archive-date=2009-02-14 }}</ref>

The [[Federal Government of Somalia]] was established on August 20, 2012, concurrent with the end of the TFG's interim mandate.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> It represents the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> On September 10, 2012, the new [[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Federal Parliament]] also elected [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] as the incumbent [[List of Presidents of Somalia|President of Somalia]].<ref name="Rslemanp">{{cite news|title=Somali lawmakers elect Mohamud as next president|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/somalia-politics-idUSL5E8KAIUR20120910|work=Reuters|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> The [[United States]] government subsequently released a press statement felicitating Mohamud on his victory, and promised to continue partnering with the Somali authorities.<ref name="Hmuschsmobsnp">{{cite web|last=United States Press Secretary|title=U.S. congratulates Hassan Sheikh Mohamud on becoming Somalia's new president|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2012/09/11/u-s-congratulates-hassan-sheikh-mohamoud-on-becoming-somalias-new-president/|publisher=Horseed Media|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620195723/http://horseedmedia.net/2012/09/11/u-s-congratulates-hassan-sheikh-mohamoud-on-becoming-somalias-new-president/|archive-date=20 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2013, the U.S. announced that it was set to exchange diplomatic notes with the new central government of Somalia, re-establishing official ties with the country for the first time in 20 years. According to the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], the decision was made in recognition of the significant progress that the Somali authorities had achieved on both the political and war fronts. The move is expected to grant the Somali government access to new sources of development funds from American agencies as well as international bodies like the [[International Monetary Fund]] and [[World Bank]], thereby facilitating the ongoing reconstruction process.<ref name="Usstfrsgatyh">{{cite news|title=US set to formally recognise Somali government after 20-year hiatus|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/17/hillary-clinton-to-recognise-somalian-government|access-date=18 January 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=17 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Usstrsg">{{cite news|title=U.S. Set to Recognize Somali Government|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-set-to-recognize-somali-government/1585876.html|access-date=18 January 2013|newspaper=VOA|date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120051508/http://www.voanews.com/content/us-set-to-recognize-somali-government/1585876.html|archive-date=20 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2014, in what she described as a gesture of the deepening relations between Washington and Mogadishu and faith in Somalia's stabilization efforts, U.S. Undersecretary of State [[Wendy Sherman]] announced that the United States would soon name a new ambassador to Somalia.<ref name="Autfetsity">{{cite news|title=U.S. Taps First Envoy to Somalia in 20 Years|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/us-taps-envoy-somalia-20-years-23975128|access-date=25 February 2015|newspaper=ABC News|date=February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611202338/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/us-taps-envoy-somalia-20-years-23975128|archive-date=2014-06-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2015, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] appointed Foreign Service veteran [[Katherine Simonds Dhanani]] as the new Ambassador of the United States to Somalia. She is the first official U.S. envoy to the country in over two decades.<ref name="Gonfuatssn">{{cite news|title=Obama Nominates First U.S. Ambassador to Somalia Since 1991|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=10868|access-date=25 February 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=25 February 2015}}</ref>
|}

===Asia===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"| Country
! scope="col" style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|<!--Date started-->
|
*[[Armenia]] and Somalia established diplomatic relations on 28 June 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/so|title = Somalia - Bilateral Relations}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|China}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[China–Somalia relations]]

Relations between the territories of present-day Somalia and China date back to antiquity, when communities in both regions engaged in commercial exchanges.

On 14 December 1960, formal ties between the Somali and Chinese governments were established.<ref name="FMPRC">{{cite web|title=China and Somalia|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|date=2003-10-12|access-date=2007-06-11|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/fzs/gjlb/3089/t16575.htm}}</ref> Somalia and China later signed their first official trade agreement in June 1963.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia to Trade With China|date=1963-06-09|access-date=2007-11-06|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/09/archives/somalia-to-trade-with-china.html}}</ref>

During the [[Cold War]] period, the Somali government maintained active relations with its Chinese counterpart. The Somali authorities campaigned for an end to China's diplomatic isolation and supported instead its entry into the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Sfmhscr">{{cite news|last=Ssekandi|first=Ronald|title=Somali FM hails Somalia-China relations|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-01/30/c_132139474.htm|access-date=2 July 2013|newspaper=Xinhua|date=30 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206042547/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-01/30/c_132139474.htm|archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>

In January 1991, the Chinese embassy in Mogadishu closed down operations due to the start of the civil war in Somalia.<ref>{{cite web|title=FOCAC Beijing Summit: Somali|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183424.htm|author=Chinese Foreign Ministry|date=October 10, 2006}}</ref> Despite the departure of most Chinese officials, the two countries maintained a small trading relationship in the ensuing years. Total trade volume in 2002 was [[United States dollar|US$]]3.39 million, with Somalia exporting US$1.56 million of goods to China and importing $1.83 million.<ref name="FMPRC"/>

From 2000 to 2011, approximately seven Chinese development projects were launched in Somalia.<ref>Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130713135832/http://china.aiddata.org]</ref> These initiatives included $6 million in economic assistance,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Strange, Parks |author2=Tierney, Fuchs |author3=Dreher, Ramachandran |name-list-style=amp |title=China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection |url=http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2285 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701195857/http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2285 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-01 |publisher=Aiddatachina.org }}</ref> donation of anti-malaria drugs,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Strange, Parks |author2=Tierney, Fuchs |author3=Dreher, Ramachandran |name-list-style=amp |title=China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection |url=http://aiddatachina.org/projects/28502 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701195701/http://aiddatachina.org/projects/28502 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-01 |publisher=Aiddatachina.org }}</ref> and $3 million in debt relief.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Strange, Parks |author2=Tierney, Fuchs |author3=Dreher, Ramachandran |name-list-style=amp |title=China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection |url=http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2284 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701195842/http://aiddatachina.org/projects/2284 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-07-01 |publisher=aiddatachina.or }}</ref>

In July 2007, the Chinese state-owned oil company [[CNOOC]] also signed an [[Oil exploration in Puntland|oil exploration]] agreement with the Somali government over the north-central [[Mudug]] province, situated in the autonomous [[Puntland]] region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia oil deal for China|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/20a8a430-3167-11dc-891f-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=9c33700c-4c86-11da-89df-0000779e2340.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/20a8a430-3167-11dc-891f-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=9c33700c-4c86-11da-89df-0000779e2340.html |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=2007-07-13|access-date=2007-11-06|last=Jopson|first=Barney|newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref>

Following the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in mid-2012, the Chinese authorities reaffirmed their support for the Somali government and called on the international community to strengthen its commitment to the Somali peace process. China's Permanent Representative to the UN, Li Baodong, also emphasized his administration's support for the Somali federal government's stabilization plan, including the latter's efforts at "implementing an [[Constitution of Somalia|interim Constitution]], carrying out its six-point plan, strengthening institutional capacity, exercising government functions and extending effective authority over all its national territory."<ref name="Ccoictcaspp">{{cite news|title=China calls on international community to continue advancing Somalia peace process|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Jun/29730/china_calls_on_international_community_to_continue_advancing_somalia_peace_process.aspx|access-date=2 July 2013|newspaper=Xinhua|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

In August 2013, follow a meeting with Chinese Vice Premier [[Wang Yang (politician)|Wang Yang]], Somalia's Foreign Minister Fowziya Yusuf Haji Adan announced that the Somali authorities looked forward to cooperation with the Chinese government in the energy, infrastructure, national security and agriculture sectors, among others. Wang also praised the traditional friendship between both nations and re-affirmed China's commitment to the Somali peace process.<ref name="Scvpmsc">{{cite news|title=Somalia: Chinese Vice Premier Meets Somali Counterpart |url=http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201308270272.html/?maneref=https://www.google.com/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910210217/http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201308270272.html/?maneref=https://www.google.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=11 September 2013 |newspaper=Shabelle Media Network |date=27 August 2013 }}</ref> In September 2013, both governments signed an official cooperation agreement in Mogadishu as part of a five-year national recovery plan in Somalia. The pact will see the Chinese authorities reconstruct several major infrastructural landmarks in the Somali capital and elsewhere, including the National Theatre, a hospital, and the Mogadishu Stadium, as well as the road between [[Galkayo]] and [[Burao]] in northern Somalia.<ref name="Sgcosca">{{cite news|title=Somalia: Gov't, China Officially Sign Cooperation Agreement|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201309100208.html|access-date=11 September 2013|newspaper=Dalsan Radio|date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

In October 2014, the Chinese government also officially re-opened its embassy in Mogadishu.<ref name="Scooeist">{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: China officially opens embassy in Somalia today|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-china-officially-opens-embassy-in-somalia-today/|access-date=12 October 2014|agency=Raxanreeb|date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055401/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/10/somalia-china-officially-opens-embassy-in-somalia-today/|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In December 2014, [[Wei Hongtian]] presented his credentials to President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud as the newly appointed Chinese Ambassador to Somalia. He is the first such envoy after the reopening of the Chinese embassy in Mogadishu.<ref name="focac">{{cite web|title=Ambassador Wei Hongtian Presented the Letter of Credence to the President of Somalia|url=http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t1220947.htm|publisher=Forum On China-Africa Cooperation|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221004331/http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t1220947.htm|archive-date=2014-12-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Foreign Minister of Somalia Abdirahman Duale Beyle and Ambassador Wei subsequently held a joint press conference, wherein the officials pledged to further strengthen bilateral ties. As part of the local reconstruction process, Wei also indicated that the Chinese authorities were slated to implement various development projects in Somalia.<ref name="Gwpcotpotg">{{cite news|title=Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=7421|access-date=20 December 2014|newspaper=Goobjoog |date=20 December 2014}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Japan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Japan–Somalia relations]]

Prior to 1991 and the start of the civil war, the Somali authorities maintained bilateral relations with the government of [[Japan]].  The Japanese administration subsequently pledged development funds through various international organizations. With the formation of the Federal Government of Somalia in 2012, the Japanese government re-established formal diplomatic ties with the Somali authorities. In 2013, Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]] also announced that Japan would resume direct assistance to Somalia, particularly in the areas of security, industrial development, and bilateral trade and investment.<ref name="Jtrdats">{{cite news|title=Japan to resume direct aid to Somalia|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2013/05/31/newsbrief-02|access-date=3 June 2013|newspaper=Sabahi|date=31 May 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Japan appointed Tatsushi Terada as the new Japanese Ambassador to Somalia,<ref name="Jatsphcttp">{{cite news|title=Japan's Ambassador to Somalia presents his credentials to the President |url=http://www.somalicurrent.com/2014/01/19/japans-ambassador-to-somalia-presents-his-credentials-to-the-president/ |access-date=20 January 2014 |newspaper=SomaliCurrent |date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202224459/http://www.somalicurrent.com/2014/01/19/japans-ambassador-to-somalia-presents-his-credentials-to-the-president/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref> replacing Atoshisa Takata.<ref name="Mofasic">{{cite web|title=Foreign Embassies in Somalia|url=http://www.mfa.somaligov.net/Foreign%20EmbassiesinSomalia.html|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation|access-date=20 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111140911/http://www.mfa.somaligov.net/Foreign%20EmbassiesinSomalia.html|archive-date=2013-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ambassador Terada concurrently presented his credentials to the Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at a ceremony in Mogadishu.<ref name="Jatsphcttp"/>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|North Korea}}||<!--Date started-->13 April 1967||See [[North Korea–Somalia relations]]

Diplomatic relations between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (commonly known as [[North Korea]]) and Somalia were formally established on 13 April 1967. This late-1950s to 1960s period was when North Korea had first declared autonomous diplomacy.<ref name="Dprkdr">{{cite web|title=DPRK Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.ncnk.org/resources/briefing-papers/all-briefing-papers/dprk-diplomatic-relations|publisher=National Committee on North Korea|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Somali Democratic Republic]], relations with North Korea were close, due to shared ideals and geopolitical interests. Both countries formally adhered to [[anti-imperialism]] and [[Marxism–Leninism]], and were aligned with the [[Soviet Union]] in the context of the wider [[Cold War]]. The [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Council]] established relations with the DPRK in 1970.<ref name="Military">{{cite book |last1=Markakis |first1=John |last2=Waller |first2=Michael |date=2013 |title=Military Marxist Regimes in Africa |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=22, 26 and 37 |isbn=978-113-517-661-7 }}</ref>

Over the following years, military cooperation intensified, with North Korea training and equipping the [[Somali Armed Forces]]. Additionally, due to a resentment against Ethiopia over the country's involvement in the [[Korean War]], North Korean advisers trained pro-Somalia guerrilla forces active in the Ethiopian–Somali conflict.<ref name="Military"/> This changed considerably after the communist [[Derg]] came to power in 1974, causing an eventual realignment of Soviet support towards Ethiopia. North Korea followed suit, and provided military aid to Ethiopia against Somalia during the [[Ogaden War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falola |first1=Toyin |last2=Oyebade |first2=Adebayo O. |date=2010 |title=Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa |location=[[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=144 |isbn=978-031-335-972-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Tucker |editor-first=Spencer C. |date=2009 |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |location=[[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |page=2513 |isbn=978-185-109-672-5 }}</ref>

As of March 2014, North Korea and Somalia still officially maintain diplomatic relations according to the National Committee on North Korea.<ref name="Dprkdr"/>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Pakistan}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Pakistan–Somalia relations]]

Relations between the modern-day territories of Somalia and [[Pakistan]] stretch back to antiquity.<ref name="Unscssysm">{{cite web|title=United Nations Security Council, Sixty-seventh year, 6848th meeting|url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_pv_6848.pdf|publisher=United Nations Security Council|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In 1969, Somalia and Pakistan were among the founding members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). Somalia's relations with Pakistan remained strong in the following years and through the ensuing civil period, when Pakistan contributed to the UN peacekeeping operation in southern Somalia.<ref name="Unscssysm"/>

Following the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in 2012, the Pakistani authorities welcomed the new administration, and re-affirmed Pakistan's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref name="Unscssysm"/> Additionally, Somalia maintains an embassy in [[Islamabad]].<ref name="Vseip">{{cite web|title=Somalia Embassy in Pakistan|url=http://somalia.visahq.com/embassy/pakistan/|publisher=VisaHQ|access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Qatar}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Qatar–Somalia relations]]

The State of Qatar and the Republic of Somalia maintain good relations. 
In March 2015, Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke led talks with the Prime Minister of Qatar, [[Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani]]. The gathering focused on strengthening investment, commerce and governance ties between both territories, with an emphasis on stabilization initiatives. It concluded with a signed cooperative agreement in the civil aviation and education sectors. According to Sharmarke, the treaty aims to accelerate the ongoing reconstruction and development process in Somalia and to buttress local job creation. Among the agreement's stipulations, [[Qatar Airways]] is scheduled to begin making flights to the [[Aden Adde International Airport]] in Mogadishu.<ref name="Saqseacaa">{{cite news|title=Somalia and Qatar sign Education and Civil Aviation agreements|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2015/03/18/somalia-and-qatar-sign-education-and-civil-aviation-agreements/|access-date=19 March 2015|agency=Horseed Media|date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320120715/http://horseedmedia.net/2015/03/18/somalia-and-qatar-sign-education-and-civil-aviation-agreements/|archive-date=20 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Spmsmwqpmid">{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: Prime Minister Sharmarke meets with Qatar's Prime Minister in Doha as two nations ink co-operation agreements on Education and Aviation|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2015/03/somalia-prime-minister-sharmarke-meets-with-qatars-prime-minister-in-doha-as-two-nations-ink-co-operation-agreements-on-education-and-aviation/|access-date=20 March 2015|agency=Raxanreeb|date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153435/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2015/03/somalia-prime-minister-sharmarke-meets-with-qatars-prime-minister-in-doha-as-two-nations-ink-co-operation-agreements-on-education-and-aviation/|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Somalia maintains an embassy in Qatar, with the diplomatic mission led by Ambassador Omar Idris.<ref name="Somalia">{{cite news|last=Somalia|first=Qatar|title=MOFA|url=http://www.mofa.gov.qa/en/Countries/Pages/SO.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808083322/http://www.mofa.gov.qa/en/Countries/Pages/SO.aspx|archive-date=2016-08-08}}</ref> Qatar also has an embassy in Mogadishu, led by AmbassadorMr. Hasan Bin Hamza Asad Mohammed.<ref name="Somalia"/>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}||<!--Date started-->||

Saudi Arabia had no diplomatic or consular representation in Somalia since Somalia's central government broke down in 1991. Diplomatic ties were not severed though, and on 18 January 2017 Saudi Arabia's first ambassador to Somalia since the 1990s, Dr Mohamed Abdi-kani Al-Khayat presented his credentials to President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in Mogadishu. During the ceremony the Ambassador informed that Saudi Arabia would support building the Somali Army, establish a rehabilitation center for defected militias from [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] and for refugees returning home.<ref>See: [http://goobjoog.com/english/saudi-arabia-names-first-envoy-somalia-since-1990s/ Saudi Arabia names first envoy to Somalia since 1990s], Goobjoog News, 18 January 2017. Accessed on 19 January 2017.</ref><br />
In recent years bilateral relations between the two countries centered around a number of issues: the position of Somali migrants in Saudi Arabia, the position of Shia Islam in Somalia, and the export of Somali livestock. In 2014 Saudi Arabia arrested some 41.000 Somali migrants and held them in detention centers in substandard conditions before deporting them to Mogadishu. Despite being one of the richest countries, Saudi Arabia left payment for assisting these deportees to the international community that had to issue emergency appeals to donors.<ref>[https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/IOM-Somalia-Returns-Situation-Report-No-11.pdf IOM Somalia Situation Report No. 10; Forced Returns from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia], International Organisation for Migration, 17 August 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/Somalia-Donor-Appeal_KSA-Returnees_FINAL.pdf IOM, Emergency Appeal, Somalia Crisis, Assistance to Vulnerable Somali Migrants from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia], International Organisation for Migration, February 2014. Accessed on 19 January 2017.</ref> The harsh mass expulsions led to an outcry from human rights organisations.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/05/10/detained-beaten-deported/saudi-abuses-against-migrants-during-mass-expulsions Detained, Beaten, Deported. Saudi Abuses against Migrants during Mass Expulsions], Human Rights Watch, 10 May 2015. Accessed on 19 January 2017.</ref>

In January 2016, Somalia received a pledge of aid for $50 million from Saudi Arabia on the very same day it announced it was cutting ties with Saudi's Shiite rival Iran, by expelling Iranian diplomats and closing an Iranian charity in Mogadishu -the Iman Khomeini Foundation- for "conducting activities beyond its mandate bent on compromising the country's national security". The Somali government denied there was a link between its decision to break ties with Iran and Saudi Arabia's financial support, while the Saudi Foreign Ministry refused to comment.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-saudi-iran-idUSKCN0UV0BH Somalia received Saudi aid the day it cut ties with Iran: document], Reuters, 17 January 2016. Accessed on 19 January 2017.</ref><ref>[http://goobjoog.com/english/somalia-cuts-diplomatic-ties-with-iran-over-national-security-concerns/ Somalia cuts diplomatic ties with Iran over national security concerns], Goobjoog News, 7 January 2016. Accessed on 19 January 2017.</ref>

In November 2021, Somalia and Saudi Arabia met in the Palace Of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland to settle on the issue of illegal fishing by Saudi Fisherman in the Gulf of Aden region. During the talks, Somali Prime Minister Mohamed Hussein Roble criticized the Saudi Government for not enforcing their maritime border laws that was previously agreed with Somalia in 1967, calling them "backstabbing and deceitful Bedouins". this caused the Saudi Government to sanction him for the entirety of the talks, and for the Parliament of Somalia to censure him for two months.

|- valign="top"
|{{flag|South Korea}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Somalia–South Korea relations]]

South Korea officially recognizes and maintains diplomatic ties with the Federal Government of Somalia. In May 2013, Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud accepted the credentials of the new South Korean Ambassador to Mogadishu, Kim Chan-Woo, the first diplomatic representative of an Asian Pacific country to work in Somalia in many years. Chan-Woo also announced that South Korea would re-open its embassy in the Somali capital.<ref name="|Hskaats">{{cite news|last=Abdiaziz |first=Hassan |title=South Korea Appoints Ambassador to Somalia |url=http://heegantimes.com/south-koreaappoints-ambassador-to-somalia/ |access-date=3 June 2013 |newspaper=Heegan Times |date=16 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917051211/http://heegantimes.com/south-koreaappoints-ambassador-to-somalia/ |archive-date=17 September 2013 }}</ref> Additionally, the Ambassador indicated that his administration would support the Somali government's ongoing reconstruction efforts, in the process making use of South Korea's own experience in post-conflict rehabilitation and development gained from the [[Korean War]]. He also asserted that his administration would once again launch agricultural and technical projects in Somalia, as the South Korean authorities had done in the past.<ref name="Rrsprcfskats">{{cite news|last=Ahmed |first=Abdalle |title=Somalia: President receives credentials from South Korean ambassador to Somalia |url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2013/05/somalia-president-receives-credentials-from-south-korean-ambassador-to-somalia/ |access-date=3 June 2013 |newspaper=Raxanreeb |date=16 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609152220/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2013/05/somalia-president-receives-credentials-from-south-korean-ambassador-to-somalia/ |archive-date=9 June 2013 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Turkey}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Somalia–Turkey relations]]

Relations date back to the Middle Ages and the ties between the [[Adal Sultanate]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Prior to the breakout of the civil war in Somalia in 1991, Turkey maintained an embassy in [[Mogadishu]]. It later discontinued operations due to security reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://addisababa.emb.mfa.gov.tr/ContactInfo.aspx |title=Turkish embassy - Addis Ababa |publisher=Addisababa.emb.mfa.gov.tr |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> In 2011, the Turkish government announced that it would reopen its embassy in Somalia.<ref name="Tpmtsuse">{{cite news|last=Villelabeitia |first=Ibon |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-turkey-idUSTRE77I4J320110819 |title=Turkish PM to set up Somali embassy |date=19 August 2011 |agency=Reuters.com |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref> The Somali federal government also maintains an embassy in [[Ankara]], Turkey's capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassypages.com/missions/embassy22376/ |title=Embassy of Somalia in Turkey |publisher=Embassypages.com |date=2012-11-02 |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref>

During the [[2011 East Africa drought|drought]] of 2011, Turkey contributed over $201 million to the humanitarian relief efforts in the impacted parts of Somalia.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-raises-201-million-for-somalia-2011-08-26 | work=Hurriyet | title=Turkey raises $201 million for Somalia | date=August 26, 2011 | access-date=2013-05-13 | archive-date=2011-09-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908092346/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-raises-201-million-for-somalia-2011-08-26 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Following a greatly improved security situation in Mogadishu in mid-2011, the Turkish government also re-opened its foreign embassy with the intention of more effectively assisting in the post-conflict development process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-248_-1-november-2011_-press-release-regarding-the-re-opening-of-the-turkish-embassy-in-mogadishu.en.mfa |title=No: 248, 1 November 2011, Press Release Regarding the Re-opening of the Turkish Embassy in Mogadishu |publisher=Mfa.gov.tr |access-date=2013-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129130024/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-248_-1-november-2011_-press-release-regarding-the-re-opening-of-the-turkish-embassy-in-mogadishu.en.mfa |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was among the first foreign administrations to resume formal diplomatic relations with Somalia after the civil war.<ref name="nation"/>

Additionally, [[Turkish Airlines]] became the first long-distance international commercial airline in two decades to land at Mogadishu's [[Aden Adde International Airport]].<ref name="nation"/> As of March 2012, the flag carrier offers two flights a week from the Somali capital to [[Istanbul]].<ref name="nation">[http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Why-Turkish-aid-model-is-proving-to-be-a-success-/-/440808/1378016/-/item/0/-/7rmpkt/-/index.html ''Why Turkish aid model is proving to be a success in Somalia and elsewhere''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110212547/http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Why-Turkish-aid-model-is-proving-to-be-a-success-/-/440808/1378016/-/item/0/-/7rmpkt/-/index.html |date=2013-11-10 }}, Rasna Warah, Saturday Nation, 1 April 2012.</ref>

In partnership with the Somali government, Turkish officials have also launched various development and infrastructure projects in Somalia. They have assisted in the building of several hospitals, and helped renovate and rehabilitate the Aden Adde International Airport and the National Assembly building, among other initiatives.<ref name="nation"/>

In December 2024, Turkey successfully mediated a historic agreement between Somalia and Ethiopia, resolving longstanding tensions over Somaliland's sovereignty and Ethiopia's access to the [[Red Sea]]. This diplomatic achievement underscores Turkey's growing influence in the [[Horn of Africa]], as it continues to strengthen political and economic ties with both nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey deepens ties with Somalia and Ethiopia through political deals |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-deepens-ties-somalia-and-ethiopia-through-political-deals |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Somalia–United Arab Emirates relations]]
[[File:Adualbhd18.png|thumb|right|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somalia [[Abdirahman Duale Beyle]] meeting with the UAE Ambassador to Somalia Mohamed Al-Osmani in Mogadishu.]]
Relations between the territories of present-day Somalia and the United Arab Emirates stretch back to antiquity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schoff (tr. & ed.)|first=W.H.|title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century|year=1912|location=London, Bombay & Calcutta|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.asp}}</ref> During the Middle Ages and early modern period, the various [[Somali aristocratic and court titles|Somali Sultanates]] also maintained close relations with other kingdoms across the [[Red Sea]].

In 1969, Somalia and the United Arab Emirates were among the founding members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). Both nations are also members of the [[League of Arab States]].
After the start of the civil war in Somalia in 1991, the UAE maintained diplomatic relations with the Somali Transitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government, and supported their government initiatives.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://gulfnews.com/news/region/somalia/somali-president-hails-uae-president-s-humanitarian-efforts-1.864794| title = Somali President hails UAE President's humanitarian efforts| date = 11 September 2011}}</ref> The UAE has also officially supported the [[Puntland Maritime Police Force]] since the military body's formation in 2010.<ref name="Supcsfpmf">{{cite news|title=Somalia: UAE Pledges Continued Support for Puntland Marine Forces|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/28/somalia-uae-pledges-continued-support-puntland-marine-forces/|access-date=28 March 2014|newspaper=Horseed Media|date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329013025/http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/28/somalia-uae-pledges-continued-support-puntland-marine-forces/|archive-date=29 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomed by the Emirati authorities, who re-affirmed the UAE's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref name="Cosgmsos"/>

In March 2014, Prime Minister of Somalia [[Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed]] began an official three-day visit to the United Arab Emirates to discuss strengthening bilateral cooperation between the two nations. During talks with UAE Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Presidential affairs Sheikh [[Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Mansour bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]], the Emirati authorities emphasized their commitment to the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia. They also pledged to assist in capacity building and the rehabilitation of government institutions.<ref name="Rspmosmudpm">{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: Prime Minister of Somalia meets with UAE's Deputy PM, discuss increased support to Somalia|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/03/somalia-prime-minister-of-somalia-meets-with-uaes-deputy-pm-discuss-increased-support-to-somalia/|access-date=5 March 2014|newspaper=Raxanreeb|date=4 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182831/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/03/somalia-prime-minister-of-somalia-meets-with-uaes-deputy-pm-discuss-increased-support-to-somalia/|archive-date=5 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Yemen}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Somalia–Yemen relations]]

Although relations between the modern-day territories of Somalia and [[Yemen]] stretch back to antiquity, the two countries formally established diplomatic ties on December 18, 1960. Both nations are also members of the [[Arab League]].

Following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia in the 1990s, the Yemeni authorities maintained relations with Somalia's newly established [[Transitional National Government]] and its successor the [[Transitional Federal Government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/yemen-president-hadi-calls-on-intl-community-to-bear-its-responsibilities-towards-somalia/ |title=Yemen : President Hadi calls on int'l community to bear its responsibilities towards Somalia |publisher=Raxanreeb.com |access-date=2013-09-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017160526/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2012/09/yemen-president-hadi-calls-on-intl-community-to-bear-its-responsibilities-towards-somalia/ |archive-date=2013-10-17 }}</ref> The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was also welcomed by the Yemeni authorities, who re-affirmed Yemen's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref name="Cosgmsos"/>

Additionally, Somalia maintains an embassy in Yemen, with the diplomatic mission led by Ambassador Ismail Qassim Naji.<ref name="Mvtusodtfds">{{cite news|last=Hussein|first=Adnan|title=Mohamud's visit to United States opens door to further diplomatic success|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2013/01/21/feature-01|access-date=7 August 2013|newspaper=Sabahi|date=21 January 2013}}</ref> Yemen also has an embassy in Mogadishu.<ref name="Tptsuse">{{cite news|last=Villelabeitia|first=Ibon|title=Turkish PM to set up Somali embassy|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-turkey-idUSTRE77I4J320110819|access-date=7 August 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=19 August 2011}}</ref>
|}

===Europe===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Denmark}}||<!--Date started-->9 July 1960||See [[Denmark–Somalia relations]]

Diplomatic relations between Somalia and [[Denmark]] were established on 9 July 1960, shortly after the Somali Republic's independence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.mfa.somaligov.net/Diplomatic%20Relations.html|work=Government of Somalia|access-date=28 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724073959/http://www.mfa.somaligov.net/Diplomatic%20Relations.html|archive-date=2011-07-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[Siad Barre]] administration, Somalia and Denmark strengthened cooperation. The Danish International Development Agency agreed to provide a $1.4 million loan toward the development of Somalia's northern fisheries industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somali Fishing Industry Has Potential for Growth|url=http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/mfr4412/mfr44124.pdf|work=[[National Marine Fisheries Service]]|access-date=28 June 2011|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721055829/http://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/mfr4412/mfr44124.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, the Somali and Danish foreign ministries signed a loan agreement in 1981, wherein 45 million DKK (US$8,284,410.00) was issued to Somalia to finance imports of Danish capital goods, as well as local cost expenditures and purchases of Danish capital equipment and services.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Agreement on a Danish Government loan to the Somali Democratic Republic (with annexes and exchange of letters). Signed at Stockholm on 24 March 1981|date=24 March 1981|volume=20676|pages=7|access-date=29 June 2011|publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series]]|location=[[Stockholm]], Sweden|url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201259/volume-1259-I-20676-English.pdf}}</ref>

In September 1992, Danish Foreign Minister [[Uffe Ellemann Jensen]] and other senior officials visited southern Somalia, one of the first foreign delegations to do so since the start of the civil war the year before.<ref name="Stuart">{{cite book|last=Stuart |first=Mark |title=Douglas Hurd: The Public Servant: An Authorised Biography|year=1998|publisher=Mainstream Publishing Company, Limited |isbn=1840181257 |page=410}}</ref> Although the Danish embassy in [[Mogadishu]] closed down operations, the Danish authorities in the ensuing years maintained relations with Somalia's newly established Transitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government.

The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomed by the Danish authorities, who re-affirmed Denmark's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref name="Cosgmsos"/> In December 2013, the [[Danish government]] appointed Geert Aagaard Andersen as the new Danish Ambassador to Somalia, the first in twenty years. Andersen presented his credentials to Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at a ceremony in Mogadishu.<ref name=Drdtws>{{cite news |title=Denmark restores diplomatic ties with Somalia |url=http://www.somalicurrent.com/2013/12/17/denmark-restores-diplomatic-ties-with-somalia/ |access-date=30 December 2013 |newspaper=SomaliCurrent |date=17 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231807/http://www.somalicurrent.com/2013/12/17/denmark-restores-diplomatic-ties-with-somalia/ |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>
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|{{flag|France}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[France–Somalia relations]]
[[File:Ambassade de Somalie en France, 26 rue Dumont-d'Urville, Paris 16e.jpg|thumb|right|Embassy of Somalia in [[Paris]].]]
Bilateral relations between France and Somalia were established shortly after Somalia's independence. The French government opened an embassy in Mogadishu, and its Somali counterpart likewise maintained an embassy in [[Paris]]. The French embassy later closed down operations in June 1993, shortly after the start of the civil war in Somalia. In the ensuing years, France maintained diplomatic relations with the Somali Transitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government. It also supported local peace initiatives by the European Union and international community.<ref name="Maefs">{{cite web|title=Somalie |publisher=Ministère des Affaires étrangères, France|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/pays-zones-geo_833/somalie_383/index.html |access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref>

The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomed by the French authorities, who re-affirmed France's continued support for Somalia's government, its territorial integrity and sovereignty.<ref name="Cosgmsos"/>

The French Republic is currently represented in Somalia by Ambassador Aline Kuster-Ménager, who presented her credentials to President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed in Octobre 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ke.ambafrance.org/Presentation-of-credentials-in-Mogadishu-3650|title=Presentation of credentials in Mogadishu|website=La France au Kenya|language=en|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref>
|-
|{{GER}}
|<!--Date started-->1 July 1960
|See [[Germany–Somalia relations]]
Diplomatic relations between Somalia and [[Germany]] were established on 1 July 1960, shortly after the Somali Republic's independence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amt |first=Auswärtiges |title=Somalia: Steckbrief |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/somalia/203130 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Auswärtiges Amt |language=de}}</ref> After a pause due to the [[Somali Civil War]], relations where reestablished in 2012. Germany provides development aid to Somalia and both countries have established a security partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amt |first=Auswärtiges |title=Deutschland und Somalia: bilaterale Beziehungen |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/laender/somalia-node/-/203138 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Auswärtiges Amt |language=de}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Greece}}||<!--Date started-->||

* [[Greece]] represented in Somalia via parallel accreditation of its embassy in [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/somalia/| title = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Italy}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Italy–Somalia relations]]

In terms of administration, Italy first gained a foothold in Somalia through the signing of various pacts and agreements in the late 19th century with the ruling Somali [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] and [[Sultanate of Hobyo]], led by King [[Osman Mahamuud]] and Sultan [[Yusuf Ali Kenadid]], respectively.<ref name="Gassem">Mariam Arif Gassem, ''Somalia: clan vs. nation'', (s.n.: 2002), p.4</ref><ref name="Majsult">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206024446/http://www.mudugonline.com/MajertainSaltanates/Sultanate.htm The Majeerteen Sultanates]}}</ref> In 1936, the acquired territory, dubbed [[Italian Somaliland]], was integrated into ''[[Africa Orientale Italiana]]'' as part of the Italian Empire. This would last until 1941, during [[World War II]]. Italian Somaliland then came under British administration until 1949, when it became a [[United Nations Trust Territory|United Nations trusteeship]], the [[Trust Territory of Somalia]], under Italian administration. On July 1, 1960, the Trust Territory of Somalia united as scheduled with the briefly extant [[State of Somaliland]] (the former [[British Somaliland]]) to form the [[Somali Republic]].<ref name="Wssom1">{{cite web|author=Ben Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html |title=Somalia |publisher=Worldstatesmen |access-date=2013-09-14}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica2002">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</ref>

Although most [[Italian Somalis]] left the territory after independence, Somalia's relations with Italy remained strong in the following years and through the ensuing civil war period. The Federal Government of Somalia was later established on August 20, 2012.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> Italian Foreign Minister [[Giulio Terzi]] welcomed the new administration, and re-affirmed Italy's continued support for the Somali authorities.<ref name="Mtmsthohsmaapos">{{cite web|title=Minister Terzi "most satisfied" to hear of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud's appointment as President of Somalia|url=http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Sala_Stampa/ArchivioNotizie/Comunicati/2012/09/20120911_Nomina_Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud.htm|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=30 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|11 September 1960
|See [[Russia–Somalia relations]]

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|{{flag|United Kingdom}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Somalia–United Kingdom relations]]

[[File:Prime Minister David Cameron with H.E. Mr Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of the Federal Republic of Somalia in Downing Street, 4 February 2013. (8444381731).jpg|thumb|right|Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] with H.E. Mr [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]], [[President of Somalia]] in Downing Street, 4 February 2013..]]
Somalia–[[United Kingdom]] relations date back to the 19th century. In 1884, Britain established the [[British Somaliland]] protectorate in present-day northern Somalia after signing successive treaties with the then ruling [[Somali people|Somali]] [[Sultan]]s, such as [[Mohamoud Ali Shire]] of the Warsangali Sultanate.<ref>Hugh Chisholm (ed.), ''The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information'', Volume 25, (At the University press: 1911), p.383.</ref> In 1900, the emir of Darawiish monarch [[Las Anod#Diiriye Guure|Diiriye Guure]], namely [[Sayyid]] [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] ("Mad Mullah") and their [[Dervish State|Dervish]] forces began a twenty-year resistance movement against British troops. This [[Somaliland Campaign|military campaign]] eventually came to an end in 1920, after Britain [[Somaliland campaign (1920)|aerially bombarded]] the Dervish capital of [[Taleh]].

British Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the State of Somaliland, and the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) followed suit five days later. On July 1, 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic.<ref name="Wssom1"/><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica2002"/>

After the collapse of the Somali central government and the start of the civil war in 1991, the UK embassy in Mogadishu closed down.<ref name="Tcibroeis">{{cite news|title=Britain Re-opens Embassy in Somalia|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/26/2013042600493.html|access-date=26 April 2013|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|date=26 April 2013|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904063327/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/26/2013042600493.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the British government never formally severed diplomatic ties with Somalia. Britain acknowledged and supported the internationally recognized [[Transitional federal government of Somalia|Transitional Federal Government]] (TFG) as the country's national governing body. It also engaged Somalia's smaller regional administrations, such as [[Puntland]] and [[Somaliland]], to ensure broad-based inclusion in the peace process. In 2012, the British authorities additionally organized the [[London Conference on Somalia]] to coordinate the international community's support for the interim Somali government.

Following the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in mid-2012, British Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] welcomed the new administration and re-affirmed Britain's continued support for the Somali authorities.<ref name="Abukasmfs">{{cite news|title=United Kingdom : A significant moment for Somalia - Prime Minister congratulates new president|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/United+Kingdom+%3A+A+significant+moment+for+Somalia+-+Prime+Minister...-a0302129500|access-date=7 June 2013|newspaper=Al Bawaba|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806195957/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/United+Kingdom+:+A+significant+moment+for+Somalia+-+Prime+Minister...-a0302129500|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 25 April 2013, the UK also became the first Western country to re-open its embassy in Somalia, with British [[First Secretary of State]] [[William Hague]] attending the opening ceremony.<ref name="Tcibroeis"/> Harriet Mathews was appointed [[List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Somalia|British Ambassador to Somalia]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Change of Her Majesty's Ambassador to Somalia |url=http://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-her-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia--2 |publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office |date=16 March 2015}}</ref> and as of January 2017 has since been replaced by David Concar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Change of Her Majesty's Ambassador to Somalia|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-of-her-majestys-ambassador-to-somalia--3|publisher=Foreign & Commonwealth Office|access-date=24 January 2017|date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
|}