Editing Foreign relations of Ethiopia (section)

===Antiquity===
====Land of Punt====
[[Land of Punt|Punt]] (2500 BCE – 980 BCE) was predominantly a trading centre dominated by [[Ancient Egypt]] to [[Horn of Africa]]. Trading commodities includes exports of Egypt; one of the most essential was [[incense]], which was mainly used for religious rituals for [[embalming]] corpse. Other were [[ivory]], [[spices]], [[Hide (skin)|hides]] and exotic animals that convey route to coast of Ethiopia, thus Ethiopia has been an integral part of Punt. Egyptian expedition to southeastern African region was generally commenced in the second millennium BC, after stabilizing relations with kingdoms of today's [[Sudan]], the [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]], [[Napata]] and [[Meroë]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySgCTIplVQ8C&q=addis+ababa+history+zewditu |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |date=2000 |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=978-1-85065-522-0 |language=en}}</ref>

====South Arabia====

[[File:Bab el Mandeb NAS-AR description.png|thumb|[[NASA]] capture of Arabic description of strait [[Bab el Mandeb]]. It is known for passage for South Arabian migration.]]
Some theorists hypothesized Ancient South Arabian people migrated [[Recent African origin of modern humans|out of Africa]] to the strait [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] when its sea level decreased to current status. When their civilization came to appear from 4th millennium BC, onward [[Mesopotamia]] and the [[Persian Gulf]], adaptation of Semitic language was from end of [[Mediterranean]], though they used Canaanite alphabet developed from Syria or Palestine during second millennium BC. Apparently, these languages similarity compared to Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets, even though lacked scholarly consensus. By 500 BC, it was widely spoken such as the [[Ge'ez language]].{{sfn|Henze|2000|p=19}}

Writing system through [[inscription]] on stone often detailed historical rival kingdoms in the region, most notability the Saba, Qataban, Himyar, [[Hadhramaut]], [[Ma'in]] and others. In 1959, American archeologists collected numerous artifacts and body of inscriptions in the area, belonging to [[primary source]]s. The inscription not only detailed about South Arabia, but also the early [[History of Ethiopia|Ethiopian history]] associated with Kingdom of Aksum and its rulers.{{sfn|Henze|2000|p=20}}

====Kingdom of Aksum====
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumb|Map of [[Eastern Hemisphere]] in the first century featuring trade route of Aksum with the rest powerful states]] 
The [[Kingdom of Aksum]] has been a great power in classic Africa; once it has been referenced by Persian prophet [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]] in the 3rd century and Greco-Roman trading guide ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' in first century. Axum maintained well-defined foreign relations with powerful realms in the era. According to Stuart Munro-Hay witness, the Aksumite had several account of ambassadors that had delegation with neighboring powers. Occasionally, Aksumite contact with foreign powers also attested by archaeological or scarce finds.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations – Addis Herald |url=https://www.addisherald.com/3-6-foreign-relations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404175707/https://www.addisherald.com/3-6-foreign-relations/#:~:text=Aksum%20had%20diplomatic%20and%20commercial,the%20purpose%20of%20their%20missions. |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Addis Herald |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Egypt====
Aksumite relations with pre-Roman Egypt was ostensibly uncertain. However, it was considered that Aksumite contact were also existed during the fall of [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] with [[Cleopatra]] death in 30 BC. Few artifacts were uncovered from Egypt such as cippus of Horus given to Bruce, and illustrated by him, and a few amulet figurines of blue faience<ref name=":2" /> or cornaline<ref name=":2" /> found at various sites of Ethiopia. Other include the double-uraeus, perhaps brought from [[Meroë]].<ref name=":2" />

Another discoveries are an inscription of [[Ptolemy III]] copied by Kosmas at [[Adulis]] and ankh'-sign engraved on one of the stelae. During King [[Ezana of Axum|Ezana]]'s reign, he expedited to the Nile after [[Meroë]] was entirely sacked. After its successor [[Noba]] emerged, it behaved badly to consign Aksumite ambassadors punished with military expedition. An aggressive mistreatment was objected by tribes such as the [[Mangurto]], the [[Nara people|Barya]], and the [[Khasa kingdom|Khasa]] by asking support, either regarded Aksum would an aide of Noba or possibly a suzerain. Ezana's expedition also attacked Kasu, the remnants of Meroitic state. Nuba, Kasu, and Beja were integral to Ezana's kingdom. Meroitic artifacts have been found in Ethiopian location [[Dar'a|Addi Galamo]] (Atse Dera) such as bronze bowls, which was brought from Roman Egypt. It was possibly made up of diorite thumb-ring found by the BIEA expedition at Aksum, and corna line amulet of Harpocrates with typical double-uraeus of the Meroites.<ref name=":2" />

====South Arabia====
Saba, [[Himyarite Kingdom|Himyar]] and Hadhramawit kingdom commonly known as South Arabian states—had special relations with Ethiopia. Culturally, linguistically, and socially, Aksumite civilization completely inspired by those overseas. While Aksumite intervention to states generally uncertain, it was viable to have a military expedition beginning in 3rd century. During the period of [[GDRT]] and [[Adhebah]] reign, (’DBH), Aksumite commenced a military treaty with Saba and then with Hadhramawit in the first half of third century.<ref name=":2" />

During Adhebah period, Shamir called Himyar prince Dhu-Raydan sent military aid from Aksum. Later, Aksumite king adopted nominally "king of Saba and Himyar", asserting suzerainty. Foreign contact also continued during the fifth and early sixth centuries between the two sides of Red Sea. Byzantine scholar [[Procopius]] told the voyage of crossing Red Sea for five days and nights and that "the harbor of the Homeritae from which they are accustomed to putting to sea is called Boulikas", presumably somewhere near Mukha, and " at the end of the sail across the sea they always put in at the harbor of the Adulitae" at the reign of King Kaleb.<ref name=":2" />

Arabian titles were experienced in South Arabia during Kaleb's reign; after his viceroy deposed by Jewish Himyar king Yusuf Asar, Yemen was no longer requisite to Aksum. The event led Aksumite to decline its dominion. An inscription dated to 543 AD mentioned that the new king named Abraha dealing with the restoration of great dam at Marib, and mentioned embassies from various foreign countries such as Aksum, Rome, Persia and various Arab groups. Procopius noted that Abreha was subordinated by Kaleb, a period which unbeknownst to Abreha regaining the kingdom reputations and he received little damage.<ref name=":2" />