Editing Foreign relations of Colombia (section)

==International relations==
===Disputes – international===
[[Maritime boundary]] dispute with Venezuela in the [[Gulf of Venezuela]]; territorial disputes with Nicaragua over Archipelago de [[San Andrés y Providencia]] and [[Quita Sueño Bank]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Tom|last2=Bitar|first2=Sebastián|last3=Jiménez-Peña|first3=Gabriel|title=Domestic Contestation and Presidential Prerogative in Colombian Foreign Policy|journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research|pages=10–11|doi=10.1111/blar.12987|issn=1470-9856|year=2019|volume=39|issue=4|doi-access=free|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/116627/1/WRAP-domestic-contestation-presidential-prerogative-Colombian-foreign-policy-Long-2019.pdf}}</ref> The United States disputes sovereignty with Colombia over the [[Serranilla Bank]] and the [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]]. Quita Sueño Bank is claimed by the United States to be a submerged reef, and thus does not recognize the sovereignty of any nation over the bank.

===Membership of international organizations===
The major organizations in which Colombia is a member include: the [[Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean]], [[Andean Pact]], [[Caribbean Development Bank]] [[Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], [[G3 Free Trade Agreement]], Group of 11, [[Group of 24]], [[Group of 77]], [[Inter-American Development Bank]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], [[International Chamber of Commerce]], [[International Civil Aviation Organization]], [[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol), [[International Development Association]], [[International Finance Corporation]], [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]], [[International Labour Organization]], [[International Maritime Organization]], [[International Maritime Satellite Organization]], [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), [[International Olympic Committee]], [[International Organization for Migration]], [[International Organization for Standardization]], [[International Telecommunication Union]], [[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]], [[International Trade Union Confederation]], [[Latin American Economic System]], [[Latin American Integration Association]], [[Non-Aligned Movement]], [[Organization of American States]] (OAS), [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]], [[Rio Group]], [[United Nations]] (UN), [[UN Conference on Trade and Development]], [[UNESCO]], [[UN Industrial Development Organization]], [[UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees]], [[Universal Postal Union]], [[World Confederation of Labour]], [[World Federation of Trade Unions]], [[World Health Organization]], [[World Intellectual Property Organization]], [[World Meteorological Organization]], [[World Tourism Organization]], and [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|date=February 2007|title=Country Profile: Colombia|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Colombia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927105018/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Colombia.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-27 |url-status=live|access-date=November 5, 2020|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]}}}}</ref> An OAS observer has monitored the government's peace process with the paramilitaries, lending the negotiations much-needed international credibility.<ref name=":0" /> The United States helps Colombia secure favorable treatment from the IMF.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Major international treaties===
Regional treaties include the [[Andean Pact]], now known as the [[Andean Community]], which also includes Bolivia, [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]], the bodies and institutions making up the Andean Integration System (AIS). Colombia has signed free-trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Its recent trade agreements with Korea, China and Japan, have focused on economic and technical cooperation between those nations.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Within the regional Caribbean Community and Common Market ([[Caricom]]), Colombia has also deepened economic and medical science research collaboration agreements.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Colombia has also signed and ratified 105 international treaties or agreements relating to the protection of the environment.<ref name=":0" /> These include the Antarctic Treaty and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and conventions on [[Biodiversity]], [[Desertification]], [[Endangered Species]], [[Hazardous Wastes]], [[Marine Life Conservation]], [[Ozone Layer Protection]], [[Ship Pollution]], [[Tropical Timber 83]], [[Tropical Timber 94]], and Wetlands.<ref name=":0" /> It has signed, but not ratified, the [[Antarctic-Environmental Protocol]] and conventions on Law of the Sea and Marine Dumping.<ref name=":0" /> Colombia also has signed the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons]] and the [[Tlatelolco Treaty]].<ref name=":0" /> By 1975 signatories to the 1974 Declaration of Ayacucho, of which Colombia was one, had decided on limitations to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.<ref name=":0" />

Gaining all 186 votes, Colombia served on the U.N. Security Council from 2011 to 2012 representing Latin American and the Caribbean.

Colombia is also a member of the [[International Criminal Court]] with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States-military (as covered under [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|Article 98]]).

=== Domestic politics and foreign policy ===
International Relations scholars long emphasized international constraints, and particularly Colombia's relationship with the United States, as central to its foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uniandes.edu.co/es/publicaciones/libro-nuevos-enfoques-para-el-estudio-de-las-relaciones-internacionales-de-colombia|title=Nuevos enfoques para el estudio de las relaciones internacionales de Colombia|last=Saavedra|first=Maria Victoria Gonzalez|date=2017-11-30|website=Universidad de los Andes - Colombia - Sitio oficial|language=es|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref> In terms of foreign policy process, presidents have broad constitutional authorities, in consultation with their foreign ministers. However, since the 2000s, the influence of other domestic actors in Colombian foreign policy-making has increased. Long, Bitar, and Jiménez-Peña examine the role of the Colombian Constitutional Court, congressional politics, social movements, and electoral challengers. They find that Colombian institutions permit increasing challenges to presidential authority, and that in important cases Colombian presidents have been forced to drop their preferred foreign policies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Tom|last2=Bitar|first2=Sebastián|last3=Jiménez-Peña|first3=Gabriel|title=Domestic Contestation and Presidential Prerogative in Colombian Foreign Policy|journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research|doi=10.1111/blar.12987|issn=1470-9856|year=2019|volume=39|issue=4|pages=466–482|doi-access=free|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/116627/1/WRAP-domestic-contestation-presidential-prerogative-Colombian-foreign-policy-Long-2019.pdf}}</ref>