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Foreign relations of Angola
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== Bilateral relations == === Africa === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" |- ! style="width:15%;" | Country ! style="width:12%;" | Formal Relations Began !Notes |- valign="top" |{{flag|Cape Verde}}||30 October 1977<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Cape Verde relations]] Cape Verde signed a friendship accord with Angola in December 1975, shortly after Angola gained its independence. Cape Verde and [[Guinea-Bissau]] served as stop-over points for [[Cuban troops]] on their way to Angola to fight [[UNITA]] rebels and South African troops. Prime Minister [[Pedro Pires]] sent [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People|FARP]] soldiers to Angola where they served as the personal bodyguards of [[Angolan President]] [[José Eduardo dos Santos]].<ref name="b">{{cite book|last=Lobban|first=Richard|year=1995|title=Cape Verde:Crioulo Colony to Independent Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00lobb_0|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00lobb_0/page/111 111]–112|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810829183}}</ref> * Angola has an embassy in [[Praia]]. * Cape Verde has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate in [[Benguela]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}||17 October 1978<ref name=":02"/>|| Many thousands of Angolans fled the country after the civil war. More than 20,000 people were forced to leave the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] in 2009, an action the DR Congo said was in retaliation for regular expulsion of Congolese diamond miners who were in Angola illegally. Angola sent a delegation to DR Congo's capital [[Kinshasa]] and succeeded in stopping government-forced expulsions which had become a "tit-for-tat"<ref name="Bearak 2009" /> immigration dispute. "Congo and Angola have agreed to suspend expulsions from both sides of the border," said Lambert Mende, DR Congo information minister, in October 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Congo and Angola 'end expulsions' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8304282.stm|date=13 October 2009|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2009-10-13 | location=London}}</ref> "We never challenged the expulsions themselves; we challenged the way they were being conducted – all the beating of people and looting their goods, even sometimes their clothes," Mende said.<ref name="Bearak 2009">{{cite news|last=Bearak |first= Barry|title=Congo and Angola Agree to End Expulsions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/world/africa/14angola.html|date=13 October 2009|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2009-10-13}}</ref> * Angola has an embassy in [[Kinshasa]]. * DR Congo has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Kenya}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Angola–Kenya relations]] * Angola has an embassy in [[Nairobi]]. * Kenya has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mozambique}}||5 July 1975<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Mozambique relations]] * Angola has an embassy in [[Maputo]]. * Mozambique has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Namibia}}||18 September 1990<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Namibia relations]] Namibia borders Angola to the south. In 1999, Namibia signed a mutual defense pact with its northern neighbor [[Angola]].<ref name="Situation Report">{{cite web |first=Vincent |last=William |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RSDCOI&id=3ae6a6cb8&page=publ |title=Namibia: Situation Report |publisher=United Nations High Commission on Refugees |access-date=2006-08-26 }}</ref> This affected the [[Angolan Civil War]] that had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. Namibia's ruling party [[SWAPO]] sought to support the ruling party [[MPLA]] in Angola against the rebel movement [[UNITA]], whose stronghold is in southern Angola, bordering to Namibia. The defence pact allowed Angolan troops to use Namibian territory when attacking [[Jonas Savimbi]]'s UNITA. * Angola has an embassy in [[Windhoek]] and consulates-general in [[Oshakati]] and [[Rundu]]. * Namibia has an embassy in Luanda and consulates-general in [[Menongue]] and [[Ondjiva]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Nigeria}}||15 March 1976<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Nigeria relations]] Angolan-Nigerian relations are primarily based on their roles as oil exporting nations. Both are members of the [[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]], the [[African Union]] and other multilateral organizations. * Angola has an embassy in [[Abuja]]. * Nigeria has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|South Africa}}||17 May 1994<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–South Africa relations]] Angola-South Africa relations are quite strong as the ruling parties in both nations, the African National Congress in South Africa and the MPLA in Angola, fought together during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War. They fought against UNITA rebels, based in Angola, and the apartheid-era government in South Africa who supported them. Nelson Mandela mediated between the MPLA and UNITA factions during the last years of Angola's civil war. * Angola has an embassy in [[Pretoria]] and consulates-general in [[Cape Town]] and [[Johannesburg]]. * South Africa has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Zimbabwe}}||15 October 1982<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Zimbabwe relations]] |} === Americas === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" |- ! style="width:15%;" | Country ! style="width:12%;" | Formal Relations Began !Notes |- valign="top" |{{flag|Argentina}}||2 June 1979||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Angola and Argentina as of 2 June 1979 (United Nations Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486335?ln=en}}</ref> See [[Angola–Argentina relations]] * Angola has an embassy in [[Buenos Aires]]. * Argentina has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Brazil}}||<!--Date started-->12 November 1975<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Brazil relations]] Commercial and economic ties dominate the relations of each country. Parts of both countries were part of the [[Portuguese Empire]] from the early 16th century until Brazil's independence in 1822. As of November 2007, "trade between the two countries is booming as never before"<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40040 ANGOLA-BRAZIL: Portuguese – the Common Language of Trade] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904014903/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40040 |date=4 September 2008 }} by Mario de Queiroz, ipsnews.net, 13 November 2007</ref> * Angola has an embassy in [[Brasília]] and consulates-general in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]]. * Brazil has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Canada}}||1 February 1978|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1978<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Angola and Canada as of 1 Feb. 1978 (United Nations Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486165?ln=en}}</ref> Canada-Angola relations were established in 1978, and Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Ties have grown since the end of the civil war in 2002, with increased engagement in areas of mutual interest. As Chair of the United Nations Security Council's Angola Sanctions Committee, Canada limited the ability of [[UNITA]] to continue its military campaign, sanctions helped to bring a ceasefire agreement to end Angola's conflict. * Angola is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. * Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Cuba}}||15 November 1975<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Cuba relations]] During [[Angola's civil war]] Cuban forces fought to install a Marxist–Leninist MPLA-PT government, against Western-backed [[UNITA]] and [[FLNA]] guerrillas and the South-African army.<ref>[[Piero Gleijeses]], Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 1959–1976 {{ISBN|978-0-8078-5464-8}}</ref> * Angola has an embassy in [[Havana]]. * Cuba has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Mexico}}||20 February 1976||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1976<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy celebramos el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Angola (Organización gubernamental de México) |url=https://twitter.com/SRE_mx/status/1627659333449428993?s=20}}</ref> See [[Angola–Mexico relations]] * Angola is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. * Mexico is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|United States}}||14 July 1994||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1994<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Angola |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/angola}}</ref> See [[Angola–United States relations]] [[File:Embassy of Angola 3.jpg|thumb|Embassy of Angola in Washington, D.C.]] From the mid-1980s through at least 1992, the United States was the primary source of military and other support for the [[UNITA]] rebel movement, which was led from its creation through 2002 by [[Jonas Savimbi]]. The U.S. refused to recognize Angola diplomatically during this period. Relations between the United States of America and the [[Angola|Republic of Angola]] (formerly the [[People's Republic of Angola]]) have warmed since Angola's ideological renunciation of [[Communism]] before the [[Angolan presidential election, 1992|1992 elections]]. * Angola has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in [[Houston]] and New York City. * United States has an embassy in Luanda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://angola.usembassy.gov|title=U.S. Embassy in Angola|website=U.S. Embassy in Angola|language=en-US|access-date=2017-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331010416/https://angola.usembassy.gov/|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Uruguay}}||6 March 1987||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Uruguay and Angola as of 6 Mar. 1987 (United Nations Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1638554?ln=en}}</ref> See [[Angola–Uruguay relations]] * Angola has a consulate-general in [[Montevideo]]. * Uruguay is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. |} === Asia === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" |- ! style="width:15%;" | Country ! style="width:12%;" | Formal Relations Began !Notes |- valign="top" |{{flag|China}}||12 January 1983||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1983<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Angola (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China) |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/gjhdq_665435/2913_665441/2914_663834/2915_663836/200204/t20020425_542636.html}}</ref> See [[Angola–China relations]] Chinese prime minister [[Wen Jiabao]] visited Angola in June 2006, offering a US$9 billion loan for infrastructure improvements in return for petroleum. The PRC has invested heavily in Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002.<ref name="wenvis">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5080626.stm|title=Angola: China's African foothold|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2007-11-19 | date=2006-06-20 | location=London}}</ref> [[João Manuel Bernardo]], the current ambassador of [[Angola]] to China, visited the PRC in November 2007.<ref name="chinabasador">{{cite web|year=2007|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200711150442.html|title=Angola: Ambassador Considers Relations With China Excellent|publisher=Angola Press Agency via AllAfrica|access-date=2007-11-19}}</ref> * Angola has an embassy in Beijing and a consulate-general in [[Macau]]. * China has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|India}}||2 June 1979||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Angola and India as of 2 June 1979 (United Nations Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486334?ln=en}}</ref> See [[Angola–India relations]] * Angola has an embassy in New Delhi. * India has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Israel}}||16 April 1992<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Israel relations]] Angola-Israel relations, primarily based on trade and pro-United States foreign policies, are excellent. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225062707/http://www.angoladigital.net/negocios/index.php?Itemid=47&id=150&option=com_content&task=view Angola/Israel business volume amounted at USD 400 million] Angola Press, 22 March 2006 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060517045254/http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=437778 Israeli Ambassador Highlights Relations With Angola] Angola Press * Angola has an embassy in [[Tel Aviv]]. * Israel has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Japan}}||<!--Date started-->September 1976||See [[Angola–Japan relations]] Diplomatic relations between Japan and Angola were established in September 1976. Japan has donated towards demining following the civil war.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/SODA-7SEPJV?OpenDocument|title=Angola: Japan grants USD one million to boost de-mining activity|date=2009-05-26|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2017-07-10|language=en}}</ref> * Angola has an embassy in Tokyo. * Japan has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Pakistan}}||20 October 1977|| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1977<ref name="V.T. Sambandan"/> The Government of Angola called for the support of Pakistan for the candidature of Angola to the seat of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose election is set for September this year, during the 69th session of the General Assembly of United Nations. On the fringes of the ceremony, the Angolan diplomat also met with officials in charge of the economic and commercial policy of Pakistan, to assess the business opportunities between the two states. It asked to discuss aspects related to the cooperation on several domains of common interest. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Philippines}}||14 September 2001||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 2001. *Angola has an embassy in [[Manila]]. * Philippines is accredited to Angola from its embassy in [[Lisbon]], Portugal. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Turkey}}||9 July 1980||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Angola and Turkey as of 9 July 1980 (United Nations Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1627282?ln=en}}</ref> See [[Angola–Turkey relations]] * [[Angola]] has an embassy in [[Ankara]].<ref name="Relations between Turkey and Angola">{{Cite web |title=Relations between Turkey and Angola |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-angola.en.mfa |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref> *Turkey has an embassy in [[Luanda]].<ref name="Relations between Turkey and Angola" /> *Trade volume between the two countries was US$212 million in 2019.<ref name="Relations between Turkey and Angola" /> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Vietnam}}||12 November 1975||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Republic of Angola (vietnam.gov.vn) |url=https://vietnam.gov.vn/diplomacy-detail-70572?countryId=1185&typeId=1}}</ref> See [[Angola–Vietnam relations]] Angola-Vietnam relations were established on 12 November 1975 after [[Angolan War of Independence|Angola gained its independence]], when future president of Angola [[Agostinho Neto]] visited Vietnam.<ref name="2007 Vietnam">{{cite web|year=2007|url=http://www.vietnamembassy-angola.org/nr070521165956/ns070920094601|title=Vietnam – Angola Relations|publisher=Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Angola|access-date=2008-01-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728155636/http://www.vietnamembassy-angola.org/nr070521165956/ns070920094601|archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> [[Angola]] and Vietnam have steadfast partners as both transitioned from [[Cold War]]-era foreign policies of [[Proletarian internationalism|international communism]] to pro-Western pragmatism following the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. * Angola has an embassy in [[Hanoi]]. * Vietnam has an embassy in Luanda. |} === Europe === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" |- ! style="width:15%;" | Country ! style="width:12%;" | Formal Relations Began !Notes |- valign="top" |{{flag|France}}||17 February 1976<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–France relations]] Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former [[French government]]'s policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's [[Cabinda province]] and the international [[Angolagate]] scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals. Following French president [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s visit in 2008, relations have improved. * Angola has an embassy in Paris. * France has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Germany}}||16 August 1979||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1979<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: Überblick (Auswärtiges Amt Bundesrepublik Deutschland) (in German) |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/angola-node/angola/208116?view=}}</ref> See [[Angola–Germany relations]] * Angola has an embassy in [[Berlin]]. * Germany has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Holy See}}||<!--Date started-->14 April 1975|| * Angola has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome. * Holy See has an [[Apostolic Nuncio to Angola]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Apostolic Nunciature Angola|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/nunciature/nunc004.htm|website=GCatholic.org|access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref> |- valign="top" |{{flag|Italy}}||4 June 1976<ref name="Farnesina1976">{{cite web |title=1976 Testi e Documenti sulla politica estera dell'Italia |url=https://www.farnesina.ipzs.it/images/biblioteca/testi/1976%20Testi%20e%20Documenti%20sulla%20politica%20estera%20dell'Italia.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)]] |access-date=5 January 2024 |page=132 |language=it |quote=I Governi della Repubblica italiana e della Repubblica popolare di Angola hanno convenuto di stabilire relazioni diplomatiche a livello di ambasciatori con effetto dal 4 giugno 1976.}}</ref>|| See [[Angola–Italy relations]] * Angola has an embassy in [[Rome]]. * Italy has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Netherlands}}||18 February 1976<ref name=":02"/>|| * Angola has an embassy in [[The Hague]] and a consulate-general in [[Rotterdam]]. * Netherlands has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Portugal}}||9 March 1976<ref name=":02"/>||See [[Angola–Portugal relations]] Angola-Portugal relations have significantly improved since the Angolan government abandoned communism and nominally embraced democracy in 1991, embracing a pro-[[Angola-United States relations|U.S.]] and to a lesser degree pro-Europe foreign policy. Portugal ruled Angola for 400 years,<ref name="a">{{cite book|last=Alker|first=Hayward R.|author2=Ted Robert Gurr |author3=Kumar Rupesinghe |author3-link=Kumar Rupesinghe |year=2001|title=Journeys Through Conflict: Narratives and Lessons|pages=204}}</ref> colonizing the territory from 1483 until independence in 1975. Angola's war for [[Angolan War for Independence|independence]] did not end in a military victory for either side, but was suspended as a result of a [[Carnation Revolution|coup in Portugal]] that replaced the [[Marcelo Caetano|Caetano regime]]. * Angola has an embassy in [[Lisbon]] and a consulate-general in [[Porto]]. * Portugal has an embassy in Luanda and a consulate-general in [[Benguela]]. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Russia}}||11 November 1975||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=45 years ago, on November 11, 1975, when Angola declared independence from Portugal, the SovietUnion & Angola established diplomatic relations (MFA Russia) |url=https://twitter.com/mfa_russia/status/1326612281883566082?s=20}}</ref> See [[Angola–Russia relations]] * Angola has an embassy in Moscow. * Russia has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Serbia}}||12 November 1975||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Serbia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/foreign-policy/bilateral-cooperation/angola}}</ref> See [[Angola–Serbia relations]] The defence minister of Serbia, [[Dragan Šutanovac]], stated in a 2011 meeting in Luanda that Serbia would negotiate with the Angolan military authorities for the construction of a new military hospital in Angola.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109230717.html|title=Angola: Serbia Negotiates Building of New Military Hospital|date=2011-09-23|work=Angola Press Agency (Luanda)|access-date=2017-07-10}}</ref> Angola supports Serbia's stance on [[Kosovo]], and recognizes Serbia's territorial integrity.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200806240413.html Angola: Head of State Sends Message to Serbian Counterpart], Angola Press Agency, 2008-06-24</ref> * Angola has an embassy in [[Belgrade]]. * Serbia has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|Spain}}||19 October 1977||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Angola and Spain as of 19 Oct. 1977 (United Nations Digital Library) |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1485952?ln=en}}</ref> See [[Angola–Spain relations]] * Angola has an embassy in [[Madrid]]. * Spain has an embassy in Luanda. |- valign="top" |{{flag|United Kingdom}}||14 October 1977||Angola established diplomatic relations with the UK on 14 October 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Angola and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as of 14 Oct. 1977|website=[[United Nations Digital Library]]| date=14 October 1977 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1485923?ln=en |access-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401231007/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1485923?ln=en&v=pdf|archive-date=1 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> *Angola maintains an [[Embassy of Angola, London|embassy]] in London. * The United Kingdom is accredited to Angola through its embassy in [[Luanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-luanda|title=British Embassy Luanda|work=GOV.UK|access-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401160656/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-luanda|archive-date=1 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,<ref name="pac">{{cite news|date=19 September 2023|title=US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/56706df4-f39b-4ab5-8acf-b252176d172d|access-date=19 January 2024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119085952/https://www.ft.com/content/56706df4-f39b-4ab5-8acf-b252176d172d|archive-date=19 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[World Trade Organization]]. |} === See also === * [[List of diplomatic missions in Angola]] * [[List of diplomatic missions of Angola]] * [[Visa requirements for Angolan citizens]]
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