Editing Flamingo (section)

==Taxonomy and systematics==
The family Phoenicopteridae was introduced by the French zoologist [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] in 1831, with ''[[Phoenicopterus]]'' as the [[type genus]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Bonaparte | first=Charles Lucien | author-link=Charles Lucien Bonaparte | year=1831 | title=Saggio di una distribuzione metodica degli animali vertebrati | language=Italian | location=Rome | publisher=Antonio Boulzaler | page=59 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33059914 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | pages=132, 227 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref>

Traditionally, the long-legged [[Ciconiiformes]], probably a [[paraphyletic]] assemblage, have been considered the flamingos' closest relatives and the family was included in the order. Usually, the [[ibis]]es and [[spoonbill]]s of the [[Threskiornithidae]] were considered their closest relatives within this order. Earlier genetic studies, such as those of [[Charles Sibley]] and colleagues, also supported this relationship.<ref>{{cite web |last=Salzman |first=Eric |title=Sibley's Classification of Birds |work=Ornitologia e dintorni |date=December 1993 |url=http://www.scricciolo.com/classificazione/sequence4.htm |access-date=15 November 2009 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413052747/http://www.scricciolo.com/classificazione/sequence4.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Relationships to the [[waterfowl]] were considered as well,<ref name=Sibley69>{{Cite journal |doi=10.2307/1366077 |last1=Sibley |first1=Charles G. |author-link=Charles Sibley |last2=Corbin |first2=Kendall W. |last3=Haavie |first3=Joan H. |title=The Relationships of the Flamingos as Indicated by the Egg-White Proteins and Hemoglobins |journal=Condor |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=155–179 |year=1969 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v071n02/p0155-p0179.pdf |jstor=1366077}}</ref> especially as flamingos are [[parasite|parasitized]] by [[feather louse|feather lice]] of the genus ''[[Anaticola]]'', which are otherwise exclusively found on ducks and geese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Kevin P. |last2=Kennedy |first2=Martyn |last3=McCracken |first3=Kevin G. |title=Reinterpreting the origins of flamingo lice: cospeciation or host-switching? |journal=Biology Letters |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=275–278 |year=2006 |pmid=17148381 |pmc=1618896 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2005.0427 |url=http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/biol-lett-2-275.pdf |access-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325004330/http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/biol-lett-2-275.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The peculiar [[presbyornithids]] were used to argue for a close relationship between flamingos, waterfowl, and waders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feduccia |first=Alan |title=Osteological evidence for shorebird affinities of the flamingos |journal=Auk |volume=93 |issue=3 |page=587 |year=1976 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v093n03/p0587-p0601.pdf |access-date=3 November 2009}}</ref> A 2002 paper concluded they are [[waterfowl]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kurochkin |first1=E. N. |last2=Dyke |first2=G. J. |last3=Karhu |first3=A. A. |year=2002 |title=A New Presbyornithid Bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern Mongolia |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3386 |hdl=2246/2875 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2002)386<0001:ANPBAA>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=59147935 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/2246/2875/1//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3386.pdf }}</ref> but a 2014 comprehensive study of bird orders found that flamingos and grebes are not waterfowl, but rather are part of [[Columbea]], along with [[doves]], [[sandgrouse]], and [[mesite]]s.<ref name=Jarvis2014>{{cite journal | last1 = Jarvis | first1 = E.D. | display-authors = etal   | year = 2014 | title = Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6215| pages = 1320–1331 | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904| bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1320J }}</ref>

===Relationship with grebes===
[[File:Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)- Breeding plumage W2 IMG 8770.jpg|thumb|right|Many molecular and morphological studies support a relationship between [[grebe]]s and flamingos.]]

Recent molecular studies have suggested a relation with [[grebe]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chubb | first1 = AL | year = 2004 | title = New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i) | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 30 | issue = 1| pages = 140–151 | doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00159-3 | pmid=15022765| bibcode = 2004MolPE..30..140C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ericson |first1=Per G. P. |date=December 2006 |title=Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=543–547 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 |pmid=17148284 |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf |last2=Anderson |first2=CL |last3=Britton |first3=T |last4=Elzanowski |first4=A |last5=Johansson |first5=US |last6=Källersjö |first6=M |last7=Ohlson |first7=JI |last8=Parsons |first8=TJ |last9=Zuccon |first9=D |pmc=1834003 |access-date=15 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Shannon J. |last1=Hackett |first2=Rebecca T. |last2=Kimball |first3=Sushma |last3=Reddy |first4=Rauri C. K. |last4=Bowie |first5=Edward L. |last5=Braun |first6=Michael J. |last6=Braun |first7=Jena L. |last7=Chojnowski |first8=W. Andrew |last8=Cox |last9=Kin-Lan Han |first9=John  |title=A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History |journal=Science |volume=320 |issue=5884 |pages=1763–1768 |doi=10.1126/science.1157704 |pmid=18583609 |date=27 June 2008|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H |s2cid=6472805 }}</ref> while morphological evidence also strongly supports a relationship between flamingos and grebes. They hold at least 11 morphological traits in common, which are not found in other birds. Many of these characteristics have been previously identified on flamingos, but not on grebes.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x |last=Mayr |first=Gerald |title=Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae) |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=157–169 |year=2004 |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/flamingo.pdf |access-date=3 November 2009|doi-access=free }}</ref> The fossil [[Palaelodus|palaelodids]] can be considered evolutionarily, and ecologically, intermediate between flamingos and grebes.<ref name=Gottingen>{{Cite journal |last=Mayr |first=Gerald |title=The contribution of fossils to the reconstruction of the higher-level phylogeny of birds |journal=Species, Phylogeny and Evolution |issn=1098-660X |volume=3 |pages=59–64 |year=2006 |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/gottingen.pdf |access-date=12 August 2009}}</ref>

For the grebe-flamingo [[clade]], the [[taxon]] [[Mirandornithes]] ("miraculous birds" due to their extreme divergence and apomorphies) has been proposed. Alternatively, they could be placed in one order, with Phoenocopteriformes taking priority.<ref name=Gottingen/>

===Phylogeny===
The [[cladogram]] below showing the phylogenetic relationships between the six extant flamingo species is based on a study by Roberto Frias-Soler and collaborators that was published in 2022.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Frias-Soler | first1=R.C. | last2=Bauer | first2=A. | last3=Grohme | first3=M.A. | last4=Espinosa López | first4=G. | last5=Gutiérrez Costa | first5=M. | last6=Llanes-Quevedo | first6=A. | last7=Van Slobbe | first7=F. | last8=Frohme | first8=M. | last9=Wink | first9=M. | date=2022 | title=Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (''Phoenicopterus ruber'': Aves) | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=196 | issue=4 | pages=1485–1504 | doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac040 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Phoenicopteriformes]]
|sublabel1=Phoenicopteridae
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |label1=''Phoeniconaias''
      |1=[[Lesser flamingo]] (''Phoeniconaias minor'')
      |label2=''[[Phoenicoparrus]]''
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Andean flamingo]] (''Phoenicoparrus andinus'')
         |2=[[James's flamingo]] (''Phoenicoparrus jamesi'')
         }}
      }}
   |label2=''[[Phoenicopterus]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Chilean flamingo]] (''Phoenicopterus chilensis'')
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Greater flamingo]] (''Phoenicopterus roseus'')
         |2=[[American flamingo]] (''Phoenicopterus ruber'')
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Species===
Six extant flamingo species are recognized by most sources, and were formerly placed in one genus (have common characteristics) – ''Phoenicopterus''. As a result of a 2014 publication,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-36|pmid= 24580860|pmc= 4016592|title= A multi-locus inference of the evolutionary diversification of extant flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)|journal= BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume= 14|issue= 1|pages= 36|year= 2014|last1= Torres|first1= Chris R|last2= Ogawa|first2= Lisa M|last3= Gillingham|first3= Mark AF|last4= Ferrari|first4= Brittney|last5= Van Tuinen|first5= Marcel|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2014BMCEE..14...36T}}</ref> the family was reclassified into two genera.<ref>Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds). (2016). [http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ IOC World Bird List (v 6.3).]</ref> In 2020, the family had three recognized genera, according to [[Handbook of the Birds of the World|HBW]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.hbw.com/species/lesser-flamingo-phoeniconaias-minor|title=Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor)|website=www.hbw.com|year=2020|doi=10.2173/bow.lesfla1.01|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=Del Hoyo|first1=Josep|last2=Boesman|first2=Peter F. D.|last3=Garcia|first3=Ernest|last4=Kirwan|first4=Guy M.|s2cid=226397475|editor1-first=Josep|editor1-last=Del Hoyo|editor2-first=Andrew|editor2-last=Elliott|editor3-first=Jordi|editor3-last=Sargatal|editor4-first=David|editor4-last=Christie|editor5-first=Eduardo|editor5-last=De Juana}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!Image!! Species !! colspan="2"|Geographic location
|-
![[File:Flamant rose Salines de Thyna.jpg|175px]]
|[[Greater flamingo]]{{pb}}(''Phoenicopterus roseus'')
| rowspan="2" | Old World
| Parts of Africa, S. Europe and S. and SW Asia (most widespread flamingo).
|-
!  [[File:Lesser Flamingo RWD.jpg|175px]]
|[[Lesser flamingo]]{{pb}}(''Phoeniconaias minor'')
| Africa (e.g. [[Great Rift Valley]]) to NW [[India]] (most numerous flamingo).
|-
!  [[File:Westfalenpark-100821-17767-Flamingo.jpg|175px]]
|[[Chilean flamingo]]{{pb}}(''Phoenicopterus chilensis'')
| rowspan="4"| New World
| Temperate S. South America.
|-
!  [[File:James Flamingo.jpg|175px]]
|[[James's flamingo|James's or Puna flamingo]]{{pb}}(''Phoenicoparrus jamesi'')
| High Andes in [[Peru]], [[Chile]], [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentina]].
|-
!  [[File:Two andeanflamingo june2003 arp.jpg|175px]]
|[[Andean flamingo]]{{pb}}(''Phoenicoparrus andinus'')
| High Andes in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.
|-
!  [[File:Greater flamingo galapagos.JPG|175px]]
|[[American flamingo|American or Caribbean flamingo]]{{pb}}(''Phoenicopterus ruber'')
| [[Caribbean]] islands, Caribbean [[Mexico]], southern [[Florida]],<ref name=Florida>[https://www.news-press.com/story/news/2018/02/23/flamingo-native-florida-again/364422002/ Scientists: Florida flamingos are native to the state], ''[[The News-Press|News-Press]]'', Chad Gillis, February 23, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2019.</ref> [[Belize]], coastal [[Colombia]], northern [[Brazil]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Galápagos Islands]].
|}

Prehistoric species of flamingo:
* ''[[Elornis]]''? <small>Milne-Edwards, 1868</small> (Late Oligocene of France, Europe)<ref name=M05>{{Cite journal|last1=Mayr|first1=G.|year=2005|title=The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe|url=https://www.senckenberg.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/tertiary_birds.pdf |journal=Biological Reviews|volume=80|issue=4 |pages=515–542|doi= 10.1017/S1464793105006779|pmid=16221327 |s2cid=9256162 }}</ref>
* ''[[Harrisonavis]]'' <small>(Gervais, 1852)</small> (Middle Oligocene–Middle Miocene of C. Europe)<ref name=torres15>{{cite journal|last1=Torres|first1=C. R.|last2=De Pietri|first2=V. L.|last3=Louchart|first3=A.|last4=Van Tuinen|first4=M.|year=2015|title=New cranial material of the earliest filter feeding flamingo ''Harrisonavis croizeti'' (Aves, Phoenicopteridae) informs the evolution of the highly specialized filter feeding apparatus|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution|volume=15|issue=3|pages=609–618|doi=10.1007/s13127-015-0209-7|bibcode=2015ODivE..15..609T |s2cid=18198929}}</ref>
* ''[[Leakeyornis]]'' <small>(Harrison and Walker, 1976)</small> (Early to Middle Miocene of Lake Victoria, Kenya)<ref name=RW83>{{Cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=P. V.|last2=Walker|first2=C.A.|year=1983|title=A New Genus of Miocene Flamingo from East Africa|journal=Ostrich| volume=54|issue=2|pages=95–104|doi=10.1080/00306525.1983.9634452|bibcode=1983Ostri..54...95R }}</ref>
* ''[[Phoeniconaias proeses]]'' <small>(De Vis 1905)</small> (Pliocene of Lake Kanunka, Australia)<ref name=RTRM87>{{Cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=P.V.|last2=van Tets|first2=G.F.|last3=Rich|first3=T.H.V.|last4=McEvey|first4=A.R.|year=1987|title=The Pliocene and Quaternary Flamingos of Australia|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126031#page/209/mode/1up|journal= Memoirs of the Queensland Museum|volume=25|issue=1|pages=207–225}}</ref>
* ''[[Phoeniconaias siamensis]]'' <small>Cheneval ''et al''. 1991</small> (Early Miocene of Mae Long Reservoir, Thailand)<ref name=C91>{{Cite journal|last1=Cheneval|first1=J.|last2=Ginsburg|first2=L.|last3=Mourer-Chauvire|first3=Cécile| last4=Ratanasthien|first4=Benjavun|year=1991|title=The Miocene avifauna of the Li Mae Long locality, Thailand: systematics and paleoecology|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229274612|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences|volume=6|issue=2|pages=117–126|doi=10.1016/0743-9547(91)90103-5 |bibcode=1991JAESc...6..117C }}</ref>
* ''[[Phoeniconotius]]'' <small>Miller 1963</small> (Late Oligocene of South Australia)<ref name=M63>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=A.H.|year=1963|title=The fossil flamingos of Australia.|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v065n04/p0289-p0299.pdf|journal=The Condor|volume=65|issue=4|pages=289–299|doi=10.2307/1365355|jstor=1365355 }}</ref>
* ''[[Phoenicopterus copei]]'' <small>(Miller 1963)</small> (Late Pleistocene of North America and Mexico)<ref name=H55/>
* ''[[Phoenicopterus floridanus]]'' <small>(Brodkorb 1953)</small> (Early Pliocene of Florida)<ref name=B53>{{Cite journal|last1=Brodkorb|first1=P.|year=1953|title=A Pliocene flamingo from Florida|journal=Natural History Miscellanea|issue=124|pages=1–4}}</ref>
* ''[[Phoenicopterus minutus]]'' <small>Howard 1955</small> (Late Pleistocene of California, US)<ref name=H55>{{Cite journal|last=Howard|first=H.|year=1955|title=Fossil Birds from Manix Lake California: Descriptions of late Pleistocene bira remains, including a new species of flamingo| url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0264j/report.pdf | journal=Geological Survey Professional Paper|volume= 264|pages=199–205}}</ref>
* ''[[Phoenicopterus novaehollandiae]]'' <small>Miller 1963</small> (Late Oligocene of South Australia)<ref name=M63/>
* ''[[Phoenicopterus stocki]]'' <small>(Miller 1944)</small> (Middle Pliocene of Rincón, Mexico)<ref name=M44>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=L.|year=1944|title=A Pliocene flamingo from Mexico|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v056n02/p0077-p0082.pdf|journal=The Wilson Bulletin|volume=56|issue=2|pages=77–82}}</ref>
* ''[[Xenorhynchopsis]]'' <small>De Vis 1905</small> (Pliocene to Pleistocene of Australia)<ref name=RTRM87/>