Editing Flagstaff, Arizona (section)

==History==
{{main|History of Flagstaff, Arizona}}

===Early history===
The [[Sinagua]] people were a [[pre-Columbian]] culture that occupied a large area in Arizona<ref name=logan>{{cite web|title=Sinagua|url=https://www.beloit.edu/logan_online/exhibitions/virtual_exhibitions/north_america/southwest/sinagua/sinagua.php|website=Logan Museum of Anthropology|publisher=Beloit College|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624062048/https://www.beloit.edu/logan_online/exhibitions/virtual_exhibitions/north_america/southwest/sinagua/sinagua.php|url-status=live}}</ref> between ''circa'' 500 and 1425  [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="gibbon2">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/770|title=Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia|date=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0815307259|editor1-last=Gibbon|editor1-first=Guy|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofpre0000unse/page/770 770]}}</ref> The Northern Sinagua were living in the pine forests of northern Arizona before moving into the area that is now Flagstaff about 700 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Indian places: a historical guidebook|date=2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|isbn=978-0547523675|editor-last=Kennedy|editor-first=Frances H.|location=Boston|oclc=759581887}}</ref> The 1064 and 1066 eruptions of [[Sunset Crater]] covered the area in ash, which greatly enriched the soil for farming;<ref name="logan" /><ref name="gibbon2" /> this also caused a population growth in the area, with [[Ancestral Puebloans]] and [[Cohonina]] people also moving to the [[Wupatki National Monument|Wupatki site]] near the city.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Snow|first=Dean R.|title=Archaeology of Native North America|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2010|isbn=978-0136156864|location=Boston|oclc=223933566}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flagstaffarizona.org/things-to-do/arts-culture/culture-heritage/|title=Flagstaff, Arizona Culture & Heritage|website=Discover Flagstaff|language=en-US|access-date=April 10, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234029/https://www.flagstaffarizona.org/things-to-do/arts-culture/culture-heritage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Northern Sinagua had various cultural phases, including Sunset Crater, the [[Rio de Flag]] (leaving the [[Picture Canyon Natural and Cultural Preserve|Picture Canyon]] site), Angell and [[Winona, Arizona|Winona]], [[Leupp, Arizona|Padre Canyon]], [[Elden Pueblo]], Turkey Hill Pueblo, [[Clear Creek (Little Colorado River tributary)|Clear Creek]],<ref name="gibbon2" /> and [[Walnut Canyon National Monument|Walnut Canyon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/waca/learn/historyculture/people.htm|title=People – Walnut Canyon National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)|website=US National Park Service|access-date=April 7, 2020|archive-date=April 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407022526/https://www.nps.gov/waca/learn/historyculture/people.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sinagua peoples left the area by the early 15th century,<ref name=linoff>{{cite web|last1=Linoff|first1=Lindsay|title=The Sinagua People of Montezuma Castle|url=http://www.mesacc.edu/~thoqh49081/StudentPapers/sinagua.html|publisher=Mesa Community College|access-date=November 17, 2015|date=1998|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922111027/http://www.mesacc.edu/~thoqh49081/StudentPapers/sinagua.html|url-status=live}}</ref> likely moving north and later becoming the [[Hopi]]. The [[San Francisco Peaks]], which overlook Flagstaff, are a sacred site in Hopi culture.<ref name=Riodeflag>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTM0AQAAMAAJ|title=Rio de Flag, Flood Control Study: Environmental Impact Statement|date=2000|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719014649/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTM0AQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Until [[Territorial evolution of the United States#1845–1860 (Southwest expansion)|western expansion in the 1860s]], the [[Yavapai]], specifically the {{Proper name|Wi:pukba}} (Northeastern Yavapai), occupied the land up to the San Francisco Peaks.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Salzmann|first1=Zdeněk|title=Native Americans of the Southwest: the serious traveler's introduction to people and places|last2=Salzmann|first2=Joy M.|date=1997|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0813322790|location=Boulder, CO|page=58|oclc=36241644}}</ref> The Yavapai land in the area saw overlap with the land of the Northern [[Tonto Apache]] that stretched across the San Francisco Peaks to the [[Little Colorado River]].<ref name=Braatz>{{Cite book|last=Braatz|first=Timothy|title=Surviving conquest: a history of the Yavapai peoples|date=2003|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803213319|location=Lincoln|oclc=50235078|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earthodysseyonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=294:the-verde-river-jewel-of-the-southwest&catid=48:nature-a-environment&Itemid=78|title=The Verde River: Jewel of the Southwest|website=Earth Odyssey Magazine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120125755/http://www.earthodysseyonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=294:the-verde-river-jewel-of-the-southwest&catid=48:nature-a-environment&Itemid=78|archive-date=January 20, 2012|access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_campverd.html|title=ITCA: Yavapai-Apache Nation|website=ITCA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171818/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_campverd.html|archive-date=July 9, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref> Of the Northern Tonto Apache, two tribes lived within the area of present-day Flagstaff: the [[Oak Creek Canyon|Oak Creek]] band and the [[Mormon Lake]] band.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Record|first=Ian W.|title=Big Sycamore stands alone: the Western Apaches, Aravaipa, and the struggle for place|date=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0806186252|location=Norman|pages=44–45|oclc=680632068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Charles|title=An Apache nightmare: the battle at Cibecue Creek|url=https://archive.org/details/apachenightmareb0000coll|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=0585124787|location=Norman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/apachenightmareb0000coll/page/n21 2]–3|oclc=44961022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hook|first1=Jason|title=To live and die in the West: the American Indian Wars, 1860–90|last2=Pegler|first2=Martin|year= 2014|isbn=978-1135977979|location=London|page=118|oclc=869735921}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lahti|first=Janne|title=Wars for empire: Apaches, the United States, and the Southwest borderlands|year=2017|isbn=978-0806159348|location=Norman|page=28|oclc=1004564512}}</ref> The Mormon Lake band were centered around Flagstaff and were exclusively hunter-gatherers, traveling around places like the foot of the San Francisco Peaks, at [[Mount Elden]], [[Lake Mary (Arizona)|Lake Mary]], [[Stoneman Lake, Arizona|Stoneman Lake]], and Padre Canyon.<ref>{{Cite book|author=United States Indian Claims Commission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2tAAAAAIAAJ|title=Indian Claims Commission Decisions|date=1978|publisher=Native American Rights Fund|pages=241–243|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=July 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719014423/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2tAAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Bank Hotel Flagstaff from SE 1.JPG|alt=Stone building|thumb|The Bank Hotel, also known as the McMillan building, in 2012]]

The area of Flagstaff had [[Beale's Wagon Road|a wagon road]] to California in the 1800s, constructed by [[Edward Fitzgerald Beale]]'s men.<ref name="Riodeflag" /> The first White (non-Native) settlement in the area was established by Edward Whipple, who opened a saloon on the wagon road in 1871.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/az-flagstaff/|title=Flagstaff, Arizona – City of Seven Wonders – Legends of America|website=www.legendsofamerica.com|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122173144/https://www.legendsofamerica.com/az-flagstaff/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first permanent settlement came in 1876, when Thomas F. McMillan built a cabin just north of the present-day main town.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www2.nau.edu/~gaud/RiodeFlag/mcbldg.htm|title=Rio de Flag: History/Architecture|website=www2.nau.edu|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130145720/https://www2.nau.edu/~gaud/RiodeFlag/mcbldg.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> McMillan was a key developer of Northern Arizona.<ref name=":7" />

During the 1880s, Flagstaff began to grow,<ref name=":6" /> and by 1886, Flagstaff was the largest city on the railroad line between [[Albuquerque]] and the West Coast of the United States.<ref name="community_profile2">"[http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/index.asp?NID=2 Flagstaff Community Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404150959/http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/index.asp?NID=2 |date=April 4, 2007 }}." ''[http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/ Official City Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212130409/http://www.flagstaff.az.gov/ |date=February 12, 2016 }}.'' Retrieved on April 11, 2007.</ref> In 1888, McMillan purchased an unfinished building that sits at the present-day intersection of Leroux Street and [[U.S. Route 66 in Arizona#Historic Route 66|Route 66]]/Santa Fe Avenue, turning it into a bank and hotel known as the Bank Hotel.<ref name=":7" /> [[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino County]] was created in 1891, and Flagstaff was chosen as its [[county seat]] over nearby [[Williams, Arizona|Williams]].<ref name=":6" />

In 1894, [[A. E. Douglass]] recommended Flagstaff to [[Percival Lowell]] as the site for the [[Lowell Observatory]],<ref name="Lowell_archives2">P. Lowell to A. E. Douglass, April 16, 1894, Lowell Observatory Archives.</ref> where it was built on Mars Hill.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://lowell.edu/4554-2/|title=A Brief History of a Legendary Telescope|last=Gilbert|first=Sarah|date=March 23, 2016|website=Lowell Observatory|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201214416/https://lowell.edu/4554-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Flagstaff also became incorporated as a town in 1894.<ref name="Riodeflag" /> The city grew rapidly, primarily due to its location along the east–west transcontinental railroad line in the United States.<ref name="themetown2">{{cite book|last=Paradis|first=Thomas Wayne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osOUb41M9S4C|title=Theme Town: A Geography of Landscape and Community in Flagstaff, Arizona|publisher=iUniverse|year=2003|isbn=0595270352}}</ref>{{rp|65–67}} In the 1890s, the Arizona Lumber and Timber Company was founded by the Riordan brothers to process timber. Michael and Tim Riordan worked in Flagstaff, and introduced electricity to the town for this purpose.<ref name=":6" /> The Riordan brothers established the first library in Flagstaff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arizonahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/upLoads/library_Riordan-Family.pdf|access-date=August 18, 2023|title=Riordan Family Collection (formerly the Blanche Riordan Chambers Collection), 1883 1931|archive-date=September 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930064845/https://www.arizonahistoricalsociety.org/wp-content/upLoads/library_Riordan-Family.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>  The CO Bar Ranch was opened in about 1886 by the Babbitt brothers for cattle.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://truewestmagazine.com/babbitt-brothers-co-bar-ranch/|title=The Babbitt Brothers & The CO Bar Ranch|last=Trimble|first=Marshall|date=January 20, 2017|website=True West Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234031/https://truewestmagazine.com/babbitt-brothers-co-bar-ranch/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Babbitt family would be very influential in northern Arizona for decades.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://arizonaoddities.com/2019/08/who-are-the-babbitts-one-of-flagstaffs-most-famous-families/|title=Who Are the Babbitts, One of Flagstaff's Most Famous Families? – Arizona Oddities|date=August 27, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413012547/https://arizonaoddities.com/2019/08/who-are-the-babbitts-one-of-flagstaffs-most-famous-families/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1899, the Northern Arizona Normal School was established; it was renamed to [[Northern Arizona University]] (NAU) in 1966.<ref name="community_profile2" />

On January 1, 1900, John Weatherford opened the [[Weatherford Hotel]] in Flagstaff. Weatherford opened the town's first movie theater in 1911; it collapsed under heavy snowfall a few years later, but he soon replaced it with the [[Orpheum Theater (Flagstaff, Arizona)|Orpheum Theater]]. The Weatherford Hotel and Orpheum Theater are still in use today.<ref name=":6" />

===1912–1969===
[[File:US 66 Arizona 1956 West.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|A westbound Arizona U.S. Route 66 sign from 1956]]
The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union in 1912.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=James W.|title=Arizona politicians: the noble and the notorious|date=2002|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=0816522030|location=Tucson|page=114|oclc=48661604}}</ref> Flagstaff saw its first tourism boom in the early years of the 1900s, becoming known as the City of Seven Wonders, as the "Seven Wonders" of the wider Flagstaff area – listed as the [[Coconino National Forest]], [[Grand Canyon]], [[Oak Creek Canyon]], [[San Francisco Peaks]], [[Sunset Crater]], [[Walnut Canyon]], and [[Wupatki National Monument]] – were more widely known.<ref name=":6" />{{efn|Other nearby natural wonders include [[Canyon de Chelly National Monument|Canyon de Chelly]],<ref name=Zeman/> [[Lake Powell]],<ref name=Heffernon>{{cite journal|url=https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/55845/content/Heffernon2000.pdf|title=Destination Flagstaff:How Important is the Flagstaff-Area Tourism Cluster?|last=Heffernon|first=Rick|year=2000|institution=[[Arizona State University]]|journal=Flagstaff Convention and Visitors Bureau|access-date=April 5, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234032/https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/55845/content/Heffernon2000.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Meteor Crater]],<ref name=":6" /> [[Monument Valley]],<ref name=Zeman/> the [[Painted Desert (Arizona)|Painted Desert]], the [[Petrified Forest National Park]],<ref name=":6" /> Picture Canyon, and [[Rainbow Bridge National Monument]].<ref name=Zeman>{{Cite journal|last=Zeman|first=Scott C.|date=1998|title=Monument Valley: Shaping the Image of the Southwest's Cultural Crossroads|journal=The Journal of Arizona History|volume=39|issue=3|pages=307–324|jstor=41696442|issn=0021-9053}}</ref>}}

==== U.S. Route 66 ====
{{see also|U.S. Route 66 in Arizona}}
In 1926, [[U.S. Route 66|Route 66]] was completed and [[U.S. Route 66 in Arizona#Williams to Flagstaff|ran through Flagstaff]]; the Babbitts and Riordans had staunchly supported it for the town. The railroad, which became the [[Santa Fe Railroad]], had largely controlled Flagstaff until this point. The Santa Fe Railroad opened a [[Flagstaff station|new depot in Flagstaff]] in 1926, to combat Route 66. As part of the celebrations, Front Street was renamed Santa Fe Avenue.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Southard|first=John Larsen|date=2013|title=Riches, Ruin, and Recovery: The Impact of Route 66 on Flagstaff, 1926 to 1938|journal=The Journal of Arizona History|volume=54|issue=2|pages=153–174|issn=0021-9053|jstor=24459232}}</ref> The people of Flagstaff collectively funded the [[Hotel Monte Vista]], which opened on January 1, 1927, preparing for the next tourism boom.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2014/07/18/flagstaff-grows-up-1920s-1970s/|title=Flagstaff grows up: 1920s – 1970s|last=Olberding|first=Susan|date=July 18, 2014|website=Arizona Capitol Times|language=en-US|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413001220/https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2014/07/18/flagstaff-grows-up-1920s-1970s/|url-status=live}}</ref> Flagstaff was then incorporated as a city in 1928,<ref name="community_profile2" /> with over 3,000 residents,<ref name=":8" /> and in 1929, the city's first motel, the Motel Du Beau, was built at the intersection of Beaver Street and Phoenix Avenue.<ref name="themetown2" />{{rp|244–245}} Flagstaff became a popular tourist stop along Route 66, particularly due to its proximity to the natural wonders.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaiser|first=James|title=Grand Canyon : the complete guide|year= 2018|publisher=James Kaiser |isbn=978-1940754338|edition=7th|oclc=1029870515}}</ref> In the last years of the 1920s, tourism took over from traditional industries.<ref name=":8" />
[[File:Bob Fronske photo (NBY 436972).jpg|left|thumb|A 1946 [[postcard]] of Flagstaff with a [[U.S. Route 66]] insignia to the right]]
During the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], Route 66 brought [[Okie|unemployed workers]] heading to California, known as "auto nomads" in Flagstaff, who became unpopular as they could not afford to buy gas or food, financially damaging the city by taxing its resources and not contributing to the economy.<ref name=":8" /> Flagstaff had also been highlighted on the map by [[Clyde Tombaugh]]'s 1930 discovery of [[Pluto]] from the Lowell Observatory.<ref name="USNO2">{{cite news|last=Ferguson|first=Joe|url=http://www.azdailysun.com/articles/2009/09/28/news/20090928_front_204560.txt|title=Ever wonder who makes your GPS work?|date=September 28, 2009|work=[[Arizona Daily Sun]]|access-date=October 8, 2009}}</ref><ref name=":12" /> However, the importance of Route 66 to cross-country travel, and thus to Arizona's interests on a national level, did mean that it received a large share of state funding through the Depression, with highway maintenance and unemployment acts providing over $1 million of funding in May 1933. In 1935, many residents had enough disposable income to remodel their homes or build new ones.<ref name=":8" />

In 1955, the [[United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station]] was established.<ref name="USNO2" /> Through the 1950s the city conducted the Urban Renewal Project, improving housing quality in the Southside neighborhood that was largely populated by people of [[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[Basques|Basque]], and [[Mexicans|Mexican]] heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/nau/city_flagstaff.xml;query=;brand=default|title=City of Flagstaff Records, 1958|website=www.azarchivesonline.org|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127122008/http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead%2Fnau%2Fcity_flagstaff.xml%3Bquery%3D%3Bbrand%3Ddefault|url-status=live}}</ref> Flagstaff grew and prospered through the 1960s.<ref name=":12" /> During the [[Apollo program]] in the 1960s, the Lowell Observatory Clark Telescope was used by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) to map the [[Moon]] for the lunar expeditions, enabling the mission planners to choose a safe landing site for the lunar modules.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name="lowell_history2">Putnam, William Lowell (1984). "The explorers of Mars Hill : a centennial history of Lowell Observatory, 1894–1994." West Kennebunk, ME : Published for Lowell Observatory by Phoenix Pub.</ref>

===1970s–present===
[[File:Benches in downtown Flagstaff.jpg|thumb|upright|Benches commemorating Flagstaff's traditional labor forces in Heritage Square|alt=Benches in front of building]]

As the [[Baby boomers|baby boomer]] generation began to start their own families in the 1970s and 1980s, many moved to Flagstaff based on its small-town feel, and the population began to grow again; there were not enough jobs to support the many educated individuals moving to the city.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|url=https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2014/08/15/modern-flagstaff/|title=Modern Flagstaff|last=Olberding|first=Susan|date=August 15, 2014|website=Arizona Capitol Times|language=en-US|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234029/https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2014/08/15/modern-flagstaff/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city did not expand its infrastructure downtown despite the growing population, causing problems. Several historic buildings from the 1800s were also destroyed for construction of new ones, or leveled completely.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":262">{{Cite web|url=https://www.flagstaffhouses.com/2013/03/09/flagstaffs-heritage-square/|title=Flagstaff's Heritage Square|date=March 9, 2013|website=Flagstaff Top Producers Real Estate|language=en-US|access-date=April 8, 2020|archive-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412234027/https://www.flagstaffhouses.com/2013/03/09/flagstaffs-heritage-square/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Downtown Flagstaff, Arizona|Downtown Flagstaff]] became an uninviting place,<ref name=":25" /> and many businesses started to move out of the area, causing an economic and social decline.<ref name="themetown2" />{{rp|161–167}}<ref name=":25" />

During the 1990s, the city redeveloped. Store owners in downtown supported the [[List of Main Street Programs in the United States|Main Street programs]] of preservation-based revitalization,<ref name=":25" /> and in 1992, the city hired a new manager to improve the area: a different mix of shops and restaurants opened up to take advantage of the area's historical appeal.<ref name="themetown2" /> Heritage Square was built as the center of the revitalized downtown,<ref name=":262" /> the local [[Flagstaff Pulliam Airport]] began running more flights to [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], and the school district was expanded with a third high school, [[Sinagua High School]].<ref name=":25" />

On October 24, 2001, Flagstaff was recognized by the [[International Dark-Sky Association]] as the world's first "International Dark-Sky City".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flagstaffdarkskies.org/idsc.htm|title=Flagstaff is the world's first "International Dark-Sky City".|date=May 2, 2009|website=flagstaffdarkskies.org|access-date=October 8, 2009|archive-date=October 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193156/http://flagstaffdarkskies.org/idsc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Staff Writer. "[http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/1119ideas1119dark.html Stellar ideas keep astronomy in state]." ''[[Arizona Republic]].'' November 19, 2006. Retrieved October 14, 2007.</ref>