Editing Fish and chips (section)

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Fish and chips.jpg|thumb|Fish and chips on the seafront at [[Hunstanton]], Norfolk. In the UK, fish and chips are particularly associated with [[seaside resort]]s.<ref name="Northern Echo"/>]]
[[File:The Rock & Sole Plaice.jpg|thumb|The Rock & Sole Plaice fish and chip shop in London, opened in 1871]]
A prominent meal in British culture, fish and chips became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century: [[Charles Dickens]] mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in ''[[Oliver Twist]]'', first published in 1838, while in the north of England a trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes developed.<ref name="BBC History"/> It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the modern [[fish and chip shop]] industry. A Jewish immigrant, Joseph Malin, opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in [[Bow, London|Bow]], East London, circa 1860; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England, in [[Mossley]], in 1863.<ref name="BBC History">{{cite news |title=Chipping away at the history of fish and chips |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20130409-chipping-away-at-the-history-of-fish-and-chips |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Historic uk - the heritage accommodation guide |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/FishandChips.htm |title=Tradition Historic UK, Fish and Chips |publisher=Historic-uk.com |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> A century later, the [[National Federation of Fish Friers]], which made Malin's its first member, presented a plaque to Malin's as being the world's first fish and chip shop.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fish & chips: Drinks & dishes you might not have realised were invented in London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/drinks-and-dishes-invented-in-london/fish-and-chips/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=The Telegraph|quote=It was, the Federation declared, one Joseph Malin, a Jewish émigré of Cleveland Way, Whitechapel, who opened the first chippie around 1860.}}</ref> A [[blue plaque]] is located at the other main contender for the first fish and chip shop, the present site of [[Oldham]]'s Tommyfield Market.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaloner|first1=W. H.|last2=Henderson|first2=W. O.|title=Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=0-7146-3335-6}}</ref> Located in [[Covent Garden]], The Rock & Sole Plaice, dating from 1871, is London's oldest fish and chip shop still in operation.<ref name="BBC History"/> 

The concept of a sit-down fish restaurant—as opposed to takeaway—was introduced by Samuel Isaacs, an entrepreneur from [[Whitechapel]], East London who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business.<ref name="Isaacs"/> Dubbed the 'Fish Restaurant King', Isaacs' first restaurant opened in [[Lambeth]], South London in 1896 serving fish and chips, bread and butter, and tea for nine pence.<ref>England Eats Out by John Burnett - Published by Pearson Education, 2004 {{ISBN|0-582-47266-0}}</ref> It became instantly popular and led to a [[Chain store|chain]] which comprised 22 restaurants.<ref name="Isaacs"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=John K. |title=Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870-1940 |date=24 July 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |page=34 |isbn=0-7185-2120-X}}</ref> Isaacs' trademark was the phrase "This is the [[Plaice]]", combined with a picture of the punned-upon fish in question, which appeared in all of his restaurants.<ref name="Isaacs">{{cite book |last1=Jolles |first1=Michael A. |last2=Rubinstein |first2=W. |title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-30466-6 |pages=457}}</ref> Isaacs' restaurants were carpeted, had table service, tablecloths, flowers, china and cutlery, and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes. They were located in [[Strand, London|the Strand]] and other London locations, as well as Brighton, [[Ramsgate]], [[Margate]] and other seaside resorts in southern England.<ref name="Isaacs"/> Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations. A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No.1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of [[Norman Wisdom]]'s 1955 film ''[[One Good Turn (1955 film)|One Good Turn]]'' just as Pitkin runs onto the seafront; this is now the site of a [[Harry Ramsden's]] fish and chips restaurant. 

From their first appearance on the British [[High Street]] in the early 1860s, fish and chip shops spread rapidly in order to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population.<ref>{{cite news |title=The History of Fish and Chips |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Fish-Chips/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |publisher=[[Historic England]] |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608152727/https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Fish-Chips/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, a figure that grew to over 35,000 shops by the 1930s.<ref name="alexander" /> Since then the trend has reversed, and in 2009 there were approximately 10,000 shops.<ref name="alexander" />

==== Scotland ====
[[Dundee]] City Council claims that chips were first sold by a Belgian immigrant, Edward De Gernier, in the city's Greenmarket in the 1870s.<ref name=dundee>{{cite web|title=Dundee Fact File |publisher=Dundee City Council |url=http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/departments/fact.htm |access-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408055244/http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/departments/fact.htm |archive-date=8 April 2007 }}</ref> In [[Edinburgh]] and the surrounding area, a combination of Gold Star [[brown sauce]] and water or malt vinegar, known as "sauce", or more specifically as "chippy sauce", has great popularity;<ref name="FFF">{{cite web |url=http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/pages/81.htm |title=Did You Know? |publisher=Federation of Fish Friers |access-date=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923220940/http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/pages/81.htm |archive-date=23 September 2008 }}</ref> [[salt and vinegar]] is preferred elsewhere in Scotland.<ref name="Independent 2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/scotlands-sauce-wars-charge-for-ketchup-in-edinburgh-leaves-customer-from-glasgow-with-chip-on-8786768.html |title=Scotland's sauce wars: Charge for ketchup in Edinburgh leaves customer from Glasgow with chip on shoulder |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=27 August 2013 |access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Record 2012">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/glasgow-chippies-get-ready-for-the-salt-and-sauce-1119494.amp|title=Glasgow chippies get ready for the 'salt and sauce' Scottish Cup Final|newspaper=Daily Record |date=18 April 2012|access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Edinburgh News 2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/salt-n-sauce-capital-chippy-sauce-export-bid-1-2880928/amp |title=Salt 'n' sauce? Capital chippy sauce export bid|newspaper=Edinburgh Evening News|date=6 April 2013|access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Radio Times 2015">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-18/karen-gillan-wants-scottish-chip-sauce-so-what-is-it/amp/|title=Karen Gillan wants Scottish chip sauce – so, what is it? |magazine=[[Radio Times]] |date=18 June 2015|access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref>

==== Fish & Chips Awards ====
The annual National Fish & Chips Awards were set up in the UK in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seafish.org/promoting-seafood/the-national-fish-chip-awards/|title=The National Fish & Chips Awards|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> The 30th Annual Fish & Chips Awards ceremony was attended by Norwegian ambassador to the UK Mona Juul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/chip-chip-hooray-the-national-fish-chip-awards-named-the-uks-best-chippy/|title=Chip Chip Hooray! The National Fish & Chip Awards Names The UK's Best Chippy|publisher=Ikon London Magazine| last2 = Alvarez | first2 = Joe| last1 = A Orlova | first1 = Tamara| date=25 January 2018|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>