Editing First strike (nuclear strategy) (section)

=== 1948–1961 ===
In the aftermath of [[World War II]], the leadership of the Soviet Union feared the United States would use its nuclear superiority to initiate a [[Preventive war#Case for preventive nuclear war|full-scale attack]], as from 1945 to 1948 the U.S. was the only state possessing nuclear weapons and until the late 1960s preserved an overwhelming superiority. The USSR countered by rapidly developing their own nuclear weapons, surprising the US with their [[RDS-1|first test]] in 1949. In turn, the U.S. countered by developing the vastly more powerful [[thermonuclear weapon]], testing their first hydrogen bomb in 1952 at [[Ivy Mike]], but the USSR quickly countered by testing their own thermonuclear weapons, with a test in 1953 of a semi-thermonuclear weapon of the [[Sloika]] design, and in 1956, with the testing of [[Thermonuclear weapons#Soviet Union|Sakharov's Third Idea]] – equivalent to the [[Castle Bravo]] device. Meanwhile, tensions between the two nations rose as 1956 saw [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Soviet invasion of Hungary]]; the U.S. and European nations drew certain conclusions from that event, while in the U.S., a powerful social backlash was afoot, prompted by Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]], the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]], and [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]], U.S. citizens executed in 1953 after conviction of espionage. This atmosphere was further inflamed by the 1957 launch of [[Sputnik]], which led to fears of Communists attacking from [[outer space]], as well as concerns that if the Soviets could launch a device into orbit, they could equally cause a device to re-enter the atmosphere and impact any part of the planet. John F. Kennedy capitalized on this situation by emphasizing the [[bomber gap]] and the [[missile gap]], areas in which the Soviets were (inaccurately) perceived as leading the United States, while heated Soviet rhetoric added to political pressure. The [[1960 U-2 incident]], involving [[Francis Gary Powers]], as well as the [[Berlin Crisis of 1961|Berlin Crisis]], along with the test of the [[Tsar Bomba]], escalated tensions still further.