Editing Fernando Pessoa (section)

==Lisbon revisited==

[[File:Papel timbrado da Empresa Ibis 1.jpg|thumb|200px|"Ibis Enterprise", the first firm established by Pessoa, in 1909.]]

While his family remained in South Africa, Pessoa returned to Lisbon in 1905 to study diplomacy. After a period of illness, and two years of poor results, a [[student strike]] against the dictatorship of Prime Minister [[João Franco]] put an end to his formal studies. Pessoa became an [[Autodidacticism|autodidact]] and a devoted reader who spent much of his time in libraries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Fernando Pessoa - an icon of Portuguese modernism – Go to Portugal - Portugal guides |url=https://andgotoportugal.com/fernando-pessoa/ |access-date=2023-05-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> In August 1907, he started working as a practitioner at R.G. Dun & Company, an American mercantile information agency (currently D&B, Dun & Bradstreet). His grandmother died in September and left him a small inheritance, which he spent on setting up his own publishing house, the "Empreza Ibis". The venture was not successful and closed down in 1910, but the name [[ibis]],<ref>Ibe name "ibis" has a very long literary tradition: the elegiac poem ''Ibis'' by [[Ovid]] was inspired in the lost poem of the same title by [[Callimachus]].</ref> the sacred bird of [[Ancient Egypt]] and inventor of the alphabet in [[Greek mythology]], would remain an important symbolic reference for him.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Pessoa returned to his uncompleted formal studies, complementing his British education with self-directed study of Portuguese culture. The pre-revolutionary atmosphere surrounding the assassination of King [[Carlos I of Portugal|Charles I]] and Crown Prince [[Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal|Luís Filipe]] in 1908, and the patriotic outburst resulting from the successful [[5 October 1910 revolution|republican revolution]] in 1910, influenced the development of the budding writer; as did his step-uncle, Henrique dos Santos Rosa, a poet and retired soldier, who introduced the young Pessoa to [[Portuguese poetry]], notably the romantics and [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolists]] of the 19th century.<ref>{{citation | language = pt | last = Zenith | first = Richard | year = 2008 | series = Fotobiografias do Século XX | title = Fernando Pessoa | place = Lisboa | publisher = Círculo de Leitores | page = 78}}.</ref>

In 1912, Fernando Pessoa entered the literary world with a critical essay, published in the cultural journal ''A Águia'', which triggered one of the most important literary debates in the Portuguese intellectual world of the 20th century: the polemic regarding a super-[[Camões]]. In 1915 a group of artists and poets, including Fernando Pessoa, [[Mário de Sá-Carneiro]] and [[Almada Negreiros]], created the literary magazine ''[[Geração de Orpheu|Orpheu]]'',<ref>{{citation | url = http://purl.pt/12089/2/ | language = pt | title = Orpheu | editor-first = António | editor-last = Ferro | place = Lisboa | date = Jan–Mar 1915 | publisher = Orpheu, Lda. | issue = 1–2}}.</ref> which introduced [[modernist]] literature to Portugal. Only two issues were published (Jan–Feb–Mar and Apr–May–Jun 1915), the third failed to appear due to funding difficulties. Lost for many years, this issue was finally recovered and published in 1984.<ref>{{citation | language = pt | title = Orpheu | editor-first = Arnaldo | editor-last = Saraiva | place = Lisboa | publisher = Edições Ática | issue = 3}}.</ref>  Among other writers and poets, ''[[Geração de Orpheu|Orpheu]]'' published Pessoa, orthonym, and the modernist [[Heteronym (literature)|heteronym]], [[Álvaro de Campos]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[File:Casa Fernando Pessoa Fachada.jpg|thumb|200px| Pessoa's last home, from 1920 till his death, in 1935, currently the [http://casafernandopessoa.cm-lisboa.pt Fernando Pessoa Museum] ]]

Along with the artist Ruy Vaz, Pessoa also founded the art journal ''Athena'' (1924–25),<ref>{{citation | url = http://casafernandopessoa.cm-lisboa.pt/bdigital/0-28MN/2/0-28MN_item2/index.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130114073338/http://casafernandopessoa.cm-lisboa.pt/bdigital/0-28MN/2/0-28MN_item2/index.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-01-14 | language = pt | title = Athena | date = Oct 1924 – Feb 1925 | editor-first = Fernando Pessoa | editor-last = Ruy Vaz | place = Lisboa | publisher = Imprensa Libanio da Silva | issue = 1–5}}.</ref> in which he published verses under the [[Heteronym (literature)|heteronyms]] [[Alberto Caeiro]] and [[Ricardo Reis (heteronym)|Ricardo Reis]]. In addition to his profession as free-lance commercial translator, Fernando Pessoa undertook intense activity as a writer, literary critic and political analyst, contributing to the journals and newspapers ''A Águia'' (1912–13), ''A República'' (1913), ''Theatro'' (1913), ''A Renascença'' (1914), ''O Raio'' (1914), ''A Galera'' (1915), ''Orpheu'' (1915), ''O Jornal'' (1915), ''Eh Real!'' (1915), ''Exílio'' (1916), ''Centauro'' (1916), ''A Ideia Nacional'' (1916), ''Terra Nossa'' (1916), ''[[O Heraldo]]'' (1917), ''Portugal Futurista'' (1917), ''Acção'' (1919–20), ''Ressurreição'' (1920), ''Contemporânea'' (1922–26), ''Athena'' (1924–25), ''Diário de Lisboa'' (1924–35), ''Revista de Comércio e Contabilidade'' (1926), ''Sol'' (1926), ''O Imparcial'' (1927), ''Presença'' (1927–34), ''Revista Solução Editora'' (1929–1931), ''Notícias Ilustrado'' (1928–30), ''Girassol'' (1930), ''Revolução'' (1932), ''Descobrimento'' (1932), ''Fama'' (1932–33), ''Fradique'' (1934) and ''[[Sudoeste (review)|Sudoeste]]'' (1935).{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}