Editing Fax (section)

=== Wire transmission ===
{{see also|Wirephoto}}

Scottish inventor [[Alexander Bain (inventor)|Alexander Bain]] worked on chemical-mechanical fax-type devices and in 1846 Bain was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 on May 27, 1843, for his "Electric Printing Telegraph".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=(Staff) |title=Mr. Bain's electric printing telegraph |journal=Mechanics' Magazine |date=20 April 1844 |volume=40 |issue=1080 |pages=268–270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA268}}</ref><ref>Bain, Alexander [https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00005957 "Improvement in copying surfaces by electricity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514193846/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00005957 |date=2021-05-14 }} U.S. patent no. 5,957 (5 December 1848).</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruddock |first1=Ivan S. |title=Alexander Bain: The real father of television? |journal=Scottish Local History |date=Summer 2012 |issue=83 |pages=3–13 |url=https://www.slhf.org/sites/default/files/publications/slhf12_alexanderbain.pdf}}</ref> [[Frederick Bakewell]] made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine.<ref>Bakewell, Frederick Collier [https://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/Bakewell-12352.pdf "Electric telegraphs"]  English patent no. 12,352 (filed:  2 December 1848; issued:  2 June 1849).</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bakewell |first1=F.C. |title=On the copying telegraph |journal=American Journal of Science |date=November 1851 |volume=12 |page=278 |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002152392/page/278/mode/2up |series=2nd series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/1851_Great_Exhibition:_Official_Catalogue:_Class_X.:_Frederick_Collier_Bakewell| title = 1851 Great Exhibition: Official Catalogue: Class X.: Frederick Collier Bakewell}}</ref> The [[Pantelegraph]] was invented by the Italian physicist [[Giovanni Caselli]].<ref>Caselli, Giovanni [https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00020698 "Improved pantographic telegraph"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514184535/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00020698 |date=2021-05-14 }} U.S. patent no. 20,698 (June 29, 1858).</ref> He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of the [[telephone]].<ref name="italianunivbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.itisgalileiroma.it/shed/shed0/shed0/caselli.htm |title=Istituto Tecnico Industriale, Italy. Italian biography of Giovanni Caselli |publisher=Itisgalileiroma.it |access-date=2014-02-16 |archive-date=2020-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817223601/http://www.itisgalileiroma.it/shed/shed0/shed0/caselli.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="hebrewuniversity">{{Cite web|url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/caselli.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506061432/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/caselli.html |url-status=dead |title=The Hebrew University of Jerusalem – Giovanni Caselli biography|archive-date=May 6, 2008}}</ref>

In 1880, English inventor [[Shelford Bidwell]] constructed the ''scanning phototelegraph'' that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing.<ref>See:
* {{cite journal |last1=Bidwell |first1=Shelford |title=The photophone |journal=Nature |date=November 18, 1880 |volume=23 |issue=577 |pages=58–59 |doi=10.1038/023058a0 |bibcode=1880Natur..23...58B |s2cid=4127035 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012106640&view=1up&seq=84|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bidwell |first1=Shelford |title=Tele-photography |journal=Nature |date=February 10, 1881 |volume=23 |issue=589 |pages=344–346 |doi=10.1038/023344a0 |bibcode=1881Natur..23..344B |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012106640&view=1up&seq=374|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=(Staff) |title=Tele-photography |journal=Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review |date=March 1, 1881 |volume=9 |pages=82–84 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293007807963&view=1up&seq=144}}</ref> An account of [[Henry Sutton (inventor)#Facsimile|Henry Sutton's "telephane"]] was published in 1896. Around 1900, German physicist [[Arthur Korn]] invented the ''[[Wirephoto|Bildtelegraph]]'', widespread in continental Europe especially following a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Korn |first1=Arthur |title=Die Bildtelegraphie im Dienste der Polizei |trans-title=Tele-photography in service to the police |date=1927 |publisher=Ulrich Mosers Buchhandlung |location=Graz, Austria |language=German}}</ref> used until the wider distribution of the radiofax.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Korn |first1=Arthur |title=Elektrisches Fernphotograhie und Ähnliches |trans-title=Electrical transmission of images and similar [systems] |date=1907 |edition=2nd |publisher=S. Hirzel |location=Leipzig, Germany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAUjmgEACAAJ&pg=PA1 |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Korn |first1=Arthur |title=Elektrische Fernphotographie |journal=Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift |date=14 December 1905 |volume=26 |issue=50 |pages=1131–1134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IhNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1131 |trans-title=Electrical tele-photography |language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Korn |first1=A. |title=Uber Gebe- und Empfangsapparate zur elektrischen Fernubertragung von Photographien |journal=Physikalische Zeitschrift |date=1904 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=113–118 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101054770829&view=1up&seq=141 |trans-title=On transmitting and receiving apparatuses for the electrical transmission of photographs |language=German}}</ref> Its main competitors were the ''Bélinographe'' by [[Édouard Belin]] first, then since the 1930s the ''[[Hellschreiber]]'', invented in 1929 by German inventor [[Rudolf Hell]], a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edouard Belin - Belinograph Inventor |url=https://faxauthority.com/biographies/edouard-belin/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Fax Authority |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:PSM V44 D062 Sample work of telautograph.jpg|thumb|Input (left) and output (right) of a telautograph transmission]]
The 1888 invention of the [[telautograph]] by [[Elisha Gray]] marked a further development in fax technology by making it possible for users to send signatures over long distances. This was used for verifying identification or ownership over long distances.<ref>Gray, Elisha [https://patents.google.com/patent/US386814A/en "Art of telegraphy"] U.S. patent no. 386,814 (filed: May 31, 1888; issued: July 31, 1888).</ref><ref>Gray, Elisha [https://patents.google.com/patent/US386815A/en "Telautography"] U.S. patent no. 386,815 (filed: June 13, 1888; issued: July 31, 1888).</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://faxauthority.com/fax-history/|title=The History of Fax – from 1843 to Present Day |publisher=Fax Authority|access-date=25 July 2012}}</ref>

On May 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&T Corporation "by a new process of transmitting pictures by electricity" sent 15 photographs by telephone from Cleveland to New York City, such photos being suitable for newspaper reproduction. Previously, photographs had been sent over the radio using this process.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&dat=19240520&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "Photos Sent Over Telephone Wire by Cleveland to N.Y.", ''The Gazette'' (Montreal), May 20, 1924, p.10]</ref>

The Western Union "Deskfax" fax machine, announced in 1948, was a compact machine that fit comfortably on a desktop, using special [[spark printer]] paper.<ref name=Ridings1949>G. H. Ridings, [http://massis.lcs.mit.edu/archives/technical/western-union-tech-review/03-1/p017.htm A Facsimile transceiver for Pickup and Delivery of Telegrams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208135530/http://massis.lcs.mit.edu/archives/technical/western-union-tech-review/03-1/p017.htm |date=2016-02-08 }}, [http://massis.lcs.mit.edu/archives/technical/western-union-tech-review/03-1/readpg.htm Western Union Technical Review, Vol. 3, No, 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310144615/http://massis.lcs.mit.edu/archives/technical/western-union-tech-review/03-1/readpg.htm |date=2016-03-10 }} (January 1949); page 17-26.</ref>