Editing Etiquette (section)

==Politeness==
{{Main|Politeness}}

[[Image:Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield by William Hoare.jpg|thumb|right|300px|In the 18th century, Philip Stanhope, the 4th Earl of Chesterfield, first used the word ''etiquette'' to mean "the conventional rules of personal behaviour in polite society." ([[William Hoare]])]]

In the 18th century, during the [[Age of Enlightenment]], the adoption of etiquette was a self-conscious process for acquiring the conventions of politeness and the normative behaviours (charm, manners, demeanour) which symbolically identified the person as a genteel member of the [[upper class]]. To identify with the social élite, the upwardly mobile [[middle class]] and the [[bourgeoisie]] adopted the behaviours and the artistic preferences of the upper class. To that end, socially ambitious people of the middle classes occupied themselves with learning, knowing, and practising the rules of social etiquette, such as the arts of elegant dress and gracious conversation, when to show [[emotion]], and courtesy with and towards women.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6u6QyCKE5YC|title=Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England|first=Lawrence E. |last=Klein|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521418065}}</ref>

In the early 18th century, [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]], wrote influential essays that defined ''politeness'' as the art of being pleasing in company; and discussed the function and nature of politeness in the social discourse of a commercial society:

{{blockquote|'Politeness' may be defined as dext'rous management of our words and actions, whereby we make other people have better opinion of us and themselves.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Third Earl of Shaftesbury and the Progress of Politeness|journal = Eighteenth-Century Studies|volume = 18|issue = 2|pages = 186–214|jstor = 2738536|last1 = Klein|first1 = Lawrence|year = 1984|doi = 10.2307/2738536}}</ref>}}

Periodicals, such as ''[[The Spectator (1711)|The Spectator]]'', a daily publication founded in 1711 by [[Joseph Addison]] and [[Richard Steele]], regularly advised their readers on the etiquette required of a [[gentleman]], a man of good and courteous conduct; their stated editorial goal was "to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality… to bring philosophy out of the closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and coffeehouses"; to which end, the editors published articles written by educated authors, which provided topics for civil conversation, and advice on the requisite manners for carrying a polite conversation, and for managing social interactions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=888|title=First Edition of The Spectator|website=Information Britain|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

Conceptually allied to etiquette is the notion of ''[[civility]]'' (social interaction characterised by sober and reasoned debate) which for socially ambitious men and women also became an important personal quality to possess for social advancement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowan |first1=Brian William |title=The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse |date=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=0-300-10666-1 |page=101}}</ref> In the event, [[gentlemen's club]]s, such as Harrington's Rota Club, published an in-house etiquette that codified the civility expected of the members. Besides ''The Spectator'', other periodicals sought to infuse politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, the editors of ''[[Tatler (1709)|The Tatler]]'' were explicit that their purpose was the reformation of English manners and morals; to those ends, etiquette was presented as the virtue of morality and a code of behaviour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mackie |first1=Erin Skye |editor1-last=Mackie |editor1-first=Erin Skye |title=The Commerce of Everyday Life: Selections from ''The Tatler'' and ''The Spectator'' |date=1998 |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's |location=Boston |isbn=0-312-16371-1 |page=1 |chapter=Introduction: Cultural and Historical Background |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/commerceofeveryd0000unse/page/1/mode/1up |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>

In the mid-18th century, the first, modern English usage of ''etiquette'' (the conventional rules of personal behaviour in polite society) was by [[Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield]], in the book ''Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a Man of the World and a Gentleman'' (1774),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=de&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:1848546661 |title=Sorry! The English and Their Manners |author=Henry Hitchings |year=2013 |publisher=Hachette UK |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> a correspondence of more than 400 letters written from 1737 until the death of his son, in 1768; most of the letters were instructive, concerning varied subjects that a worldly gentleman should know.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mayo|first=Christopher|chapter=Letters to His Son|title=The Literary Encyclopedia|date=25 February 2007|url=https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=21002|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> The letters were first published in 1774, by [[Eugenia Stanhope]], the widow of the diplomat [[Philip Stanhope (diplomat)|Philip Stanhope]], Chesterfield's bastard son. Throughout the correspondence, Chesterfield endeavoured to decouple the matter of social manners from [[conventional morality]], with perceptive observations that pragmatically argue to Philip that mastery of etiquette was an important means for social advancement, for a man such as he. Chesterfield's elegant, literary style of writing epitomised the emotional restraint characteristic of polite social intercourse in 18th-century society:

{{blockquote|I would heartily wish that you may often be seen to smile, but never heard to laugh while you live. Frequent and loud laughter is the characteristic of folly and ill-manners; it is the manner in which the mob express their silly joy at silly things; and they call it being merry. In my mind there is nothing so illiberal, and so ill-bred, as audible laughter. I am neither of a melancholy nor a cynical disposition, and am as willing and as apt to be pleased as anybody; but I am sure that since I have had the full use of my reason nobody has ever heard me laugh.}}

In the 19th century, [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901) etiquette developed into a complicated system of codified behaviours, which governed the range of manners in society—from the proper language, style, and method for writing letters, to correctly using [[cutlery]] at table, and to the minute regulation of social relations and personal interactions between men and women and among the social classes.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tudor|last=Rose |title=Victorian Society |publisher=AboutBritain.com |date=1999–2010 |url=https://www.aboutbritain.com/articles/victorian-society.asp |access-date=9 August 2010}}</ref>

In the 21<sup>st</sup> century, specifically in the early 2020s as digital communication became more readily available and used in everyday life, the notion of digital etiquette, or ''netiquette'', evolved into a flexible, socially negotiated code of conduct guiding behavior in online spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6NDkwNTAwNg==?aid=16682 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> Unlike traditional etiquette, which often revolved around visible symbols of status and formal conduct, digital etiquette today is platform-dependent, highly situational, and subtly influenced by unspoken social norms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Heitmayer |first1=Maxi |last2=and Schimmelpfennig |first2=Robin |date=2024-07-02 |title=Netiquette as Digital Social Norms |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10447318.2023.2188534?needAccess=true& |journal=International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction |volume=40 |issue=13 |pages=3334–3354 |doi=10.1080/10447318.2023.2188534 |issn=1044-7318}}</ref> For instance, a video call may press for visible presence (“camera on”) and active engagement such as contributing ideas or giving visual cues of attention, while sending an email might demand carefully crafted language, formal greetings, and rapid response times to signal competence and respect. An essential aspect of today’s netiquette is the management of presence and attention. The expectation to be responsive has become a symbol of respect, while behaviors such as multitasking during meetings or disabling cameras may be interpreted as disrespect or disengagement.