Editing Ethernet (section)

==Standardization==
[[File:An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express x1 card.jpg|thumb|right|An Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC, PCI Express ×1 card]]

In February 1980, the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) started project [[IEEE 802|802]] to standardize local area networks (LAN).<ref name=VonBurg2003 /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/policy/2001/01aug27IEEE802.pdf |title=Letter to FCC |author=Vic Hayes |date=August 27, 2001 |quote=IEEE 802 has the basic charter to develop and maintain networking standards... IEEE 802 was formed in February 1980... |access-date=October 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094219/http://www.ieeeusa.org/policy/policy/2001/01aug27IEEE802.pdf |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The DIX group with Gary Robinson (DEC), Phil Arst (Intel), and Bob Printis (Xerox) submitted the so-called ''Blue Book'' [[CSMA/CD]] specification as a candidate for the LAN specification.<ref name="blue" /> In addition to CSMA/CD, Token Ring (supported by IBM) and Token Bus (selected and henceforward supported by [[General Motors]]) were also considered as candidates for a LAN standard. Competing proposals and broad interest in the initiative led to strong disagreement over which technology to standardize. In December 1980, the group was split into three subgroups, and standardization proceeded separately for each proposal.<ref name=VonBurg2003>{{cite journal |last1=von Burg |first1=Urs |last2=Kenney |first2=Martin |title=Sponsors, Communities, and Standards: Ethernet vs. Token Ring in the Local Area Networking Business |journal=Industry & Innovation |date=December 2003 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=351–375 |doi=10.1080/1366271032000163621 |s2cid=153804163 |url=http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/kenney/articles_files/Sponsors,%20Communities,%20and%20Standards:%20Ethernet%20vs.%20Token%20Ring%20in%20the%20Local%20Area%20Networking%20Business.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206202221/http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/kenney/articles_files/Sponsors,%20Communities,%20and%20Standards:%20Ethernet%20vs.%20Token%20Ring%20in%20the%20Local%20Area%20Networking%20Business.pdf |archive-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=February 17, 2014  }}</ref>

Delays in the standards process put at risk the market introduction of the [[Xerox Star]] workstation and 3Com's Ethernet LAN products. With such business implications in mind, [[David Liddle]] (General Manager, Xerox Office Systems) and Metcalfe (3Com) strongly supported a proposal of Fritz Röscheisen ([[Siemens]] Private Networks) for an alliance in the emerging office communication market, including Siemens' support for the international standardization of Ethernet (April 10, 1981). Ingrid Fromm, Siemens' representative to IEEE 802, quickly achieved broader support for Ethernet beyond IEEE by the establishment of a competing Task Group "Local Networks" within the European standards body ECMA TC24. In March 1982, ECMA TC24 with its corporate members reached an agreement on a standard for CSMA/CD based on the IEEE 802 draft.<ref name=Breyer1999 />{{rp|8}} Because the DIX proposal was most technically complete and because of the speedy action taken by ECMA which decisively contributed to the conciliation of opinions within IEEE, the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard was approved in December 1982.<ref name=VonBurg2003 /> IEEE published the 802.3 standard as a draft in 1983 and as a standard in 1985.<ref>IEEE 802.3-2008, p.iv</ref>

Approval of Ethernet on the international level was achieved by a similar, cross-[[partisan (political)|partisan]] action with Fromm as the [[liaison officer]] working to integrate with [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) Technical Committee 83 and [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) Technical Committee 97 Sub Committee 6. The ISO 8802-3 standard was published in 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16235 |title=ISO 8802-3:1989 |publisher=[[ISO]] |access-date=July 8, 2015 |archive-date=July 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709153203/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=16235 |url-status=live }}</ref>