Editing Eskimo (section)

=== Etymology ===
{{Further|Native American name controversy}}
[[File:Inuit conf map.png|260px|thumb|Map of the [[Inuit Circumpolar Council]] of Eskimo peoples, showing the [[Yupik peoples|Yupik]] ([[Yup'ik]], [[Siberian Yupik]]) and [[Inuit]] ([[Iñupiat]], [[Inuvialuit]], [[Nunavut]], [[Nunavik]], [[Nunatsiavut]], [[Greenlandic Inuit]])]]
A variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origin of the word ''Eskimo''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donna |last=Patrick |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Language, Politics, and Social Interaction in an Inuit Community |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |pages=2– |isbn=978-3-11-089770-8 |oclc=1091560161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWYjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Hobson2004">{{cite book |editor-first=Archie |editor-last=Hobson |date=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Difficult Words |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=160– |isbn=978-0-19-517328-4 |oclc=250009148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_mNJiflwgC&pg=PA160 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="BackhouseHistory1999">{{cite book |first1=Constance |last1=Backhouse |author2=Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History |date=January 1, 1999 |title=Colour-coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900-1950 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |pages=27– |isbn=978-0-8020-8286-2 |oclc=247186607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZlsTAH7GWIC&pg=PA27 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Steckley2008">{{cite book |first=John |last=Steckley |date=1 January 2008 |title=White Lies about the Inuit |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |pages=21– |isbn=978-1-55111-875-8 |oclc=1077854782 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-osjdNH3g8C&pg=PA21 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="McElroy 2007 p. 8">{{cite book |last=McElroy |first=A. |title=Nunavut Generations: Change and Continuity in Canadian Inuit Communities |publisher=[[Waveland Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4786-0961-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WkbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |access-date=November 5, 2021 |page=8 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Dorais2010">{{cite book |first=Louis-Jacques |last=Dorais |date=2010 |title=Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] - MQUP |pages=297– |isbn=978-0-7735-3646-3 |oclc=1048661404 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkfdQpHUdh4C&pg=PA297 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> According to Smithsonian linguist [[Ives Goddard]], etymologically the word derives from the [[Innu-aimun]] (Montagnais) word {{lang|moe|ayas̆kimew}}, meaning 'a person who laces a [[snowshoe]]',<ref name="ENBR" /><ref name="kaplannew">{{Cite web |title=Inuit or Eskimo: Which name to use? |publisher=[[Alaska Native Language Center]], [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] |url=https://uaf.edu/anlc/research-and-resources/resources/resources/inuit_or_eskimo.php |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=www.uaf.edu |first=Lawrence |last=Kaplan |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230133641/https://uaf.edu/anlc/research-and-resources/resources/resources/inuit_or_eskimo.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Goddard">{{cite book |first=R. H. Ives |last=Goddard |chapter=Synonymy |editor=David Damas |title=Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 5 Arctic |location=[[Washington, DC]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-0874741858 |pages=5–7 }}</ref> and is related to ''[[husky]]'' (a breed of dog).{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} The word {{lang|moe|assime·w}} means 'she laces a snowshoe' in Innu, and [[Innu language]] speakers refer to the neighbouring [[Mi'kmaq]] people using words that sound like ''eskimo''.<ref name="goddard">{{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Ives |chapter=Synonymy |editor=William C. Sturtevant |title=Handbook of North American Indians: Volume 5 Arctic |location=[[Washington, DC]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1984 |pages=5–7 }} Cited in Campbell 1997</ref><ref name="campbell">{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |year=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |page=394 |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref> This interpretation is generally confirmed by more recent academic sources.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holst |first=Jan Henrik |date=May 10, 2022 |editor1-last=Danler |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Harjus |editor2-first=Jannis |title=Las Lenguas De Las Americas - the Languages of the Americas |publisher=Logos Verlag Berlin |pages=13–26 |chapter=A Survey of Eskimo-Aleut Languages |isbn=978-3-8325-5279-4}}</ref>

In 1978, [[José Mailhot]], a Quebec anthropologist who speaks Innu-aimun (Montagnais), published a paper suggesting that ''Eskimo'' meant 'people who speak a different language'.<ref name="mailhot1">{{cite journal |last=Mailhot |first=José |author-link=José Mailhot |year=1978 |title=L'étymologie de «Esquimau» revue et corrigée |journal=Études Inuit/Inuit Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=59–70 }}</ref><ref name="creeml" /> French traders who encountered the [[Innu]] (Montagnais) in the eastern areas adopted their word for the more western peoples and spelled it as {{lang|fr|Esquimau}} or {{lang|fr|Esquimaux}} in a transliteration.<ref name="EII" />

Some people consider ''Eskimo'' offensive, because it is popularly perceived to mean<ref name="creeml">{{cite web |url=http://www.nisto.com/cree/mail/cree-1997-11.txt |title=Cree Mailing List Digest November 1997 |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-date=2012-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620033446/http://nisto.com/cree/mail/cree-1997-11.txt}}</ref><ref name="mailhot">{{cite journal |last=Mailhot |first=José |author-link=José Mailhot |title=L'etymologie de "esquimau" revue et corrigée |language=fr |trans-title=The etymology of "eskimo" revised and corrected |journal=Études/Inuit/Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=1978}}</ref><ref name="igoddard">{{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Ives |author-link=Ives Goddard |title=Handbook of North American Indians |volume=5 (Arctic) |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-16-004580-6}}</ref> 'eaters of raw meat' in [[Algonquian languages]] common to people along the Atlantic coast.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="natlang">{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/iaq23.htm |title=Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: What Does "Eskimo" Mean In Cree? |publisher=Native-languages.org |access-date=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref name="bartlebyeskimo">{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/24/E0212400.html |title=Eskimo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010412155403/http://www.bartleby.com/61/24/E0212400.html |archive-date=2001-04-12 |publisher=Bartleby |work=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition, 2000 |access-date=January 13, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> An unnamed [[Cree]] speaker suggested the original word that became corrupted to Eskimo might have been {{lang|cr|askamiciw}} (meaning 'he eats it raw'); Inuit are referred to in some Cree texts as {{lang|cr|askipiw}} (meaning 'eats something raw').<ref name="natlang" /><ref name="bartlebyeskimo" /><ref name="stern1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UHTsUmt1PEC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Inuit |first=Pamela R. |last=Stern |access-date=June 13, 2012 |isbn=978-0-8108-6556-3 |date=July 27, 2004 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="ostg1">{{cite web |first1=Robert |last1=Peroni |first2=Birgit |last2=Veith |url=http://www.ostgroenland-hilfe.de/en/projekt.html |title=Ostgroenland-Hilfe Project |publisher=Ostgroenland-hilfe.de |access-date=June 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318173645/http://www.ostgroenland-hilfe.de/en/projekt.html |archive-date=March 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="publications" /><ref>{{Cite dictionary |entry=Eskimo |dictionary=Oxford Dictionary |via=Lexico.com |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/eskimo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210154048/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/eskimo |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Regardless, the term still carries a derogatory connotation for many Inuit and Yupik.<ref name="kaplannew" /><ref name="natlang" /><ref name="NPR">{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/04/24/475129558/why-you-probably-shouldnt-say-eskimo |title=Why You Probably Shouldn't Say 'Eskimo' |first=Rebecca |last=Hersher |date=April 24, 2016 |newspaper=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name="global">{{Cite news |last=Purdy |first=Chris |date=November 27, 2015 |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2366689/expert-says-meat-eater-name-eskimo-an-offensive-term-placed-on-inuit/ |title=Expert says 'meat-eater' name Eskimo an offensive term placed on Inuit |work=[[Global News]] }}</ref>

One of the first printed uses of the French word {{lang|fr|Esquimaux}} comes from [[Samuel Hearne]]'s ''A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean in the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772'' first published in 1795.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38404/38404-h/38404-h.htm |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, by Samuel Hearne. |via=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>