Editing Ephedrine (section)

===Weight loss===
Ephedrine promotes modest short-term [[weight loss]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, Maglione M, Mojica WA, Suttorp MJ, Rhodes SL, Jungvig L, Gagné J | display-authors = 6 | title = Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: a meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 289 | issue = 12 | pages = 1537–45 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12672771 | doi = 10.1001/jama.289.12.1470 }}</ref> specifically fat loss, but its long-term effects are unknown.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dwyer JT, Allison DB, Coates PM | title = Dietary supplements in weight reduction | journal = Journal of the American Dietetic Association | volume = 105 | issue = 5 Suppl 1 | pages = S80-6 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15867902 | doi = 10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.028 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1259087 }}</ref> In mice, ephedrine is known to stimulate [[thermogenesis]] in the [[brown adipose tissue]], but because adult humans have only small amounts of brown fat, thermogenesis is assumed to take place mostly in the [[skeletal muscle]]. Ephedrine also decreases [[gastric emptying]]. [[Methylxanthine]]s such as [[caffeine]] and [[theophylline]] have a synergistic effect with ephedrine for weight loss. This led to the creation and marketing of compound products.<ref name="BrayBouchard2004">{{cite book | vauthors = Bray GA, Bouchard C |title=Handbook of obesity |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YVQPOfKYJhUC&pg=PA494 |year=2004 |publisher= CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-4773-2 |pages=494–496 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140626190101/http://books.google.com/books?id=YVQPOfKYJhUC&pg=PA494 |archive-date= 2014-06-26}}</ref> One of them, known as the [[ECA stack]], contains ephedrine with caffeine and aspirin. It is a popular supplement taken by [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]] seeking to cut body fat before a competition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Magkos F, Kavouras SA | title = Caffeine and ephedrine: physiological, metabolic and performance-enhancing effects | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 34 | issue = 13 | pages = 871–89 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15487903 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-200434130-00002 | s2cid = 1966020 }}</ref>
A 2021 systematic review found that ephedrine led to a {{convert|2|kg}} weight loss greater than placebo, raised [[heart rate]], and reduced [[LDL]] and raised [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL]], with no statistically significant difference in [[blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yoo HJ, Yoon HY, Yee J, Gwak HS | title = Effects of Ephedrine-Containing Products on Weight Loss and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | journal = Pharmaceuticals | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 1198 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34832979 | pmc = 8618781 | doi = 10.3390/ph14111198 | doi-access = free }}</ref>