Editing Endolith (section)

==Environment==
Endolithic microorganisms have been reported in many areas around the globe. There are reports in warm hyper-arid and arid deserts such as Mojave and Sonora (USA), Atacama (Chile), Gobi (China, Mongolia), Negev (Israel), Namib (Namibia Angola), Al-Jafr basin (Jordan) and the Depression of Turpan (China),<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal |last1=Ascaso |first1=C |title=Ecología microbiana de sustratos líticos |journal=Ciencia y Medio Ambiente |date=2002 |pages=90–103 |hdl=10261/111133 |isbn=9788469979723 |language=es |hdl-access= free}}|{{cite journal |last1=Bungartz |first1=F |last2=Garvie |first2=L. A. |last3=Nash |first3=T. H. |title=Anatomy of the endolithic Sonoran Desert lichen ''Verrucaria rubrocincta'' Breuss: implications for biodeterioration and biomineralization |journal=The Lichenologist |year=2004 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=55–73 |doi=10.1017/S0024282904013854|s2cid=86211017 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=H |last2=Rech |first2=J. A. |last3=Jiang |first3=H |last4=Sun |first4=H |last5=Buck |first5=B. J. |title=Endolithic cyanobacteria in soil gypsum: Occurrences in Atacama (Chile), Mojave (United States), and Al-Jafr Basin (Jordan) Deserts |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences |date=2007 |volume=112 |issue=G2 |doi=10.1029/2006JG000385|bibcode=2007JGRG..112.2030D |doi-access=free }}|{{cite journal |last1=Lacap |first1=D. C.|author-link=Donnabella Lacap-Bugler |last2=Warren-Rhodes |first2=K. A. |last3=McKay |first3=C. P. |last4=Pointing |first4=S. B. |title=Cyanobacteria and chloroflexi-dominated hypolithic colonization of quartz at the hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert, Chile. |journal=Extremophiles |date=2011 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=31–38 |doi=10.1007/s00792-010-0334-3|pmid=21069402 |pmc=3017302 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Schlesinger |first1=W. H |last2=Pippen |first2=J. S. |last3=Wallenstein |first3=M. D. |last4=Hofmockel |first4=K. S. |last5=Klepeis |first5=D. M. |last6=Mahall |first6=B. E. |title=Community composition and photosynthesis by photoautotrophs under quartz pebbles, southern Mojave Desert |journal=Ecology |date=2003 |volume=84 |issue=12 |pages=3222–3231 |doi=10.1890/02-0549}}|{{cite journal |last1=Stomeo |first1=F |last2=Valverde |first2=A |last3=Pointing |first3=S. B. |last4=McKay |first4=C. P. |last5=Warren-Rhodes |first5=K. A. |last6=Tuffin |first6=M. I. |last7=Cowan |first7=D. A. |title=Hypolithic and soil microbial community assembly along an aridity gradient in the Namib Desert |journal=Extremophiles |date=2013 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=329–337 |doi=10.1007/s00792-013-0519-7|pmid=23397517 |hdl=10566/3555 |s2cid=11175962 |hdl-access=free }}|{{cite journal |last1=Vítek |first1=P. |last2=Ascaso |first2=C |last3=Artieda |first3=O |last4=Wierzchos |first4=J |title=Raman imaging in geomicrobiology: endolithic phototrophic microorganisms in gypsum from the extreme sun irradiation area in the Atacama Desert |journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry |date=2016 |volume=408 |issue=15 |pages=4083–4092 |doi=10.1007/s00216-016-9497-9|pmid=27055886 |s2cid=8132118 }}}}</ref><ref name="Cryptoendolithic algae of hot semia">{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=R. A. |title=Cryptoendolithic algae of hot semiarid lands and deserts |journal=Journal of Phycology |date=1993 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=133–139 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3646.1993.00133.x|s2cid=85033484 }}</ref> also in cold deserts as Arctic and Antarctic,<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal |last1=Ascaso |first1=C |title=Ecología microbiana de sustratos líticos |journal=Ciencia y Medio Ambiente |date=2002 |pages=90–103 |hdl=10261/111133| hdl-access= free|isbn=9788469979723|language= es}}|{{cite journal |last1=Cockell |first1=C. S. |last2=Stokes |first2=M. D. |title=Widespread colonization by polar hypoliths |journal=Nature |date=2004 |volume=431 |issue=7007 |pages=414 |doi=10.1038/431414a|pmid=15386002 |doi-access=free }}|{{cite journal |last1=Cowan |first1=D. A. |last2=Khan |first2=N. |last3=Pointing |first3=S. B. |last4=Cary |first4=S. C. |title=Diverse hypolithic refuge communities in the McMurdo Dry Valleys |journal=Antarctic Science |date=2010 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=714–720 |doi=10.1017/S0954102010000507|bibcode=2010AntSc..22..714C |hdl=10289/5090 |s2cid=53558610 |hdl-access=free }}|{{cite journal <!-- Citation bot no --> |last1=Friedmann |first1=E. I.|author1-link =Imre Friedmann |title=Endolithic Microbial Life in Hot and Cold Deserts |doi= 10.1007/BF00928400 |journal=Origins of Life |year=1980 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=223–235 |pmid=6774304}}<br />Republication of {{cite conference <!-- Citation bot no --> |last1=Friedmann |first1=E. I.|author1-link =Imre Friedmann |chapter=Endolithic Microbial Life in Hot and Cold Deserts | date= 1978 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-9085-2_3 |isbn=978-94-009-9087-6 | pages= 33–45 | title= Limits of Life | conference=Proceedings of the Fourth College Park Colloquium on Chemical Evolution | editor1-first= Cyril | editor1-last=Ponnamperuma| editor2-first =Lynn | editor2-last= Margulis }}|{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=M. C. |last2=Bowman |first2=J. P. |last3=Scott |first3=F. J. |last4=Line |first4=M. A. |title=Sublithic bacteria associated with Antarctic quartz stones |journal=Antarctic Science |date=2000 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1017/S0954102000000237|bibcode=2000AntSc..12..177S |s2cid=84337509 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Omelon |first1=C. R. |last2=Pollard |first2=W. H. |last3=Ferris |first3=F. G. |title=Environmental controls on microbial colonization of high Arctic cryptoendolithic habitats |journal=Polar Biology |date=2006 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |doi=10.1007/s00300-006-0155-0|s2cid=22633158 }}|{{cite book |last1=Makhalanyane |first1=T. P. |last2=Pointing |first2=S. B. |last3=Cowan |first3=D. A. |chapter=Lithobionts: Cryptic and Refuge Niches |title=Antarctic Terrestrial Microbiology |date=2014 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-45213-0_9|isbn=978-3-642-45212-3 }}|{{cite journal |last1=Friedmann |first1=E. I.|author1-link =Imre Friedmann |last2=Weed |first2=R. |title=Microbial trace-fossil formation, biogenous, and abiotic weathering in the Antarctic cold desert |journal=Science |year=1987 |volume=236 |issue=4802 |pages=703–705 |doi=10.1126/science.11536571|pmid=11536571 }}}}</ref> and deep [[subsoil]] and ocean trenches rocks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inagaki |first1=F. |last2=Takai |first2=K. |last3=Komatsu |first3=T. |last4=Sakihama |first4=Y. |last5=Inoue |first5=A. |last6=Horikoshi |first6=K. |title=Profile of microbial community structure and presence of endolithic microorganisms inside a deep-sea rock |journal=Geomicrobiology Journal |date=2015 |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=535–552 |doi=10.1080/01490450290098577|s2cid=84636295 }}</ref> However, there are reports of endolithic microorganisms in inter-tropical zones,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gaylarde |first1=C. |last2=Baptista-Neto |first2=J. A. |last3=Ogawa |first3=A. |last4=Kowalski |first4=M. |last5=Celikkol-Aydin |first5=S. |last6=Beech |first6=I. |title=Epilithic and endolithic microorganisms and deterioration on stone church facades subject to urban pollution in a sub-tropical climate |journal=Biofouling |date=2017 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=113–127 |doi=10.1080/08927014.2016.1269893|pmid=28054493 |s2cid=3295932 }}</ref> where humidity and solar radiation are significantly different from the above-mentioned biomes. Endoliths have been found in the rock down to a depth of {{cvt|3|km|mi}}, though it is unknown if that is their limit (due to the cost involved in drilling to such depths).<ref name="two miles underground">{{cite web|last1=Schultz|first1=Steven|title=Two miles underground|url=http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/99/1213/microbe.shtml|publisher=Princeton Weekly Bulletin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113130655/http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/99/1213/microbe.shtml|archive-date=13 January 2016|date=13 December 1999}} — Gold mines present "ideal environment" for geologists studying subsurface microbes</ref><ref name="hively">{{cite news|url=http://discovermagazine.com/1997/may/lookingforlifein1124|title= Looking for life in all the wrong places — research on cryptoendoliths|work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]|date= May 1997 |first1= Will|last1= Hively|access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> The main threat to their survival seems not to result from the pressure at such depth, but from the increased temperature. Judging from [[hyperthermophile]] organisms, the temperature limit is at about 120&nbsp;°C ([[Strain 121]] can reproduce at 121&nbsp;°C), which limits the possible depth to 4-4.5&nbsp;km below the [[continent]]al crust, and 7 or 7.5&nbsp;km below the [[ocean]] floor. Endolithic organisms have also been found in surface rocks in regions of  low humidity ([[hypolith]]) and low temperature ([[psychrophile]]), including the [[Dry Valleys]] and [[permafrost]] of [[Antarctica]],<ref name="dry valleys">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1128/AEM.69.7.3858-3867.2003|pmid = 12839754|pmc = 165166|title = Microbial Diversity of Cryptoendolithic Communities from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica|journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume = 69|issue = 7|pages = 3858–3867|year = 2003|last1 = de la Torre|first1 = J. R.|last2 = Goebel|first2 = B. M.|last3 = Friedmann|first3 = E. I.|author3-link =Imre Friedmann| last4 = Pace|first4 = N. R.|bibcode = 2003ApEnM..69.3858D}}</ref> the [[Alps]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Horath|first1=Thomas|last2=Bachofen|first2=Reinhard|title=Molecular Characterization of an Endolithic Microbial Community in Dolomite Rock in the Central Alps (Switzerland)|journal=Microbial Ecology|date=August 2009|volume=58|issue=2|pages=290–306|doi=10.1007/s00248-008-9483-7|pmid=19172216|s2cid=845383|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/18300/34/ZORA_NL_18300.pdf}}</ref> and the [[Rocky Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature03447| pmid=15846344| title=Geobiology of a microbial endolithic community in the Yellowstone geothermal environment| journal=Nature| volume=434| issue=7036| pages=1011–1014| year=2005| last1=Walker| first1=Jeffrey J.| last2=Spear| first2=John R.| last3=Pace| first3=Norman R.| bibcode=2005Natur.434.1011W| s2cid=4408407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1128/AEM.02656-06|pmid = 17416689|pmc = 1932665|title = Phylogenetic Composition of Rocky Mountain Endolithic Microbial Ecosystems|journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume = 73|issue = 11|pages = 3497–3504|year = 2007|last1 = Walker|first1 = J. J.|last2 = Pace|first2 = N. R.|bibcode = 2007ApEnM..73.3497W}}</ref>