Editing Emperor Ingyō (section)

==Historical assessment==
[[File:Ichinoyama Kofun, haisho.jpg|thumb|200px|Ichinoyama Kofun in [[Fujiidera]].]]
Ingyō is regarded by historians as a ruler during the early [[5th century]] whose existence is generally accepted as fact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html|title=Kofun Culture|author=Kelly, Charles F.|work=www.t-net.ne.jp|access-date=August 9, 2023}}</ref> Scholar [[Francis Brinkley]] lists Emperor Ingyō under "Protohistoric sovereigns" whose reign was overshadowed by an affair and scandal regarding his son.<ref name="Brinkley">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOJxAAAAMAAJ&q=Hansho|title=Chapter XII: The Protohistoric Sovereigns|author=[[Francis Brinkley]]|work=A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|year=1915|pages=110–111}}</ref> Other scholars identify Ingyō with [[Sai of Wa|King Sai]] in the ''[[Book of Song]]''. This would have been a king of Japan (referred to as ''[[Wa (name of Japan)|Wa]]'' by contemporary Chinese scholars) who is said to have sent messengers to the [[Liu Song dynasty]] at least twice, in 443 and 451. However, there is no record in the ''Kiki'' of messengers being sent.

===Titles and dating===
There is no evidence to suggest that the title ''tennō'' was used during the time to which Ingyō's reign has been assigned. Rather, it was presumably {{Nihongo|''Sumeramikoto'' or ''Amenoshita Shiroshimesu Ōkimi''|治天下大王}}, meaning "the great king who rules all under heaven". An alternate title could have also been {{Nihongo2|ヤマト大王/大君}} "Great King of Yamato". The name Ingyō''-tennō'' was more than likely assigned to him [[Posthumous name|posthumously]] by later generations.<ref name="name">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjapanes00kikugoog|title=''A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era''|author=Brinkley, Frank|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica Company|year=1915|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryjapanes00kikugoog/page/n33 21]|quote=Posthumous names for the earthly ''Mikados'' were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the ''Records'' and the ''Chronicles.''|author-link=Francis Brinkley}}</ref> His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Ingyō, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial dynasty]] were compiled as the chronicles known today as the ''[[Kojiki]]''.<ref name="aston109 & 217-223">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oEfAAAAYAAJ|title=Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2|author=Aston, William George.|publisher=The Japan Society London|date=1896|page=109 & 217–223|isbn=9780524053478 |author-link=William George Aston}}</ref>

Outside of the ''Kiki'', the reign of [[Emperor Kinmei]]{{efn|The 29th Emperor<ref name="Titsingh"/><ref name="Brown">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA261|title=A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219|author=[[Delmer Brown|Brown, Delmer M.]] and Ichirō Ishida|publisher=University of California Press|year=1979|pages=248, 261–262|isbn=9780520034600}}</ref>}} ({{circa|509}}&nbsp;– 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axRyAAAAMAAJ&q=According+to+legend%2C+the+first+Japanese+Emperor+was+Jimmu.+Along+with+the+next+13+Emperors%2C+Jimmu+is+not+considered+an+actual%2C+historical+figure.+Historically+verifiable+Emperors+of+Japan+date+from+the+early+sixth+century+with+Kimmei.|title=''Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds''|author=Hoye, Timothy.|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=1999|page=78|quote=According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.|isbn=9780132712897}}</ref> The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of [[Emperor Kanmu]]{{efn|Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty}} between 737 and 806 AD.<ref name="aston109 & 217-223"/>

===Events during reign===
Early on in his reign, Emperor Ingyō chose to send envoys to Korea for medical assistance. Brinkley took note of this and stated that Korea was evidently regarded as the "home of healing science". He also attributed the "many other" arts which were borrowed from China.<ref name="Brinkley"/> In regard to reforms, Sholar [[William George Aston]] notes in his translation of the [[Nihon Shoki]] that when Ingyō reformed the system of family and clan names, it would have only applied to [[dominant caste]]. At the time the general populace of Japan kept their personal names and "cared little for geopolitics".<ref name="Aston1"/> Emperor Ingyō's later affair with "Otohime" is regarded as important by Brinkley as it illustrates the manners and customs at the time. He also suggests that the "atmosphere of loose morality" was in part responsible for Kinashi no Karu's incestuous relationship.<ref name="Brinkley"/>

It is agreed upon by [[Basil Hall Chamberlain]]'s translation of the [[Kojiki]], and Aston's translation of the Nihon Shoki that Prince Kinashi no Karu was probably appointed crown prince during his father's lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj148.htm|title=Sect. CXLI. — Emperor Ingyō (Part V — Prince Karu Loves His Sister Princess So-Tohoshi)|author=Basil Hall Chamberlain|work=A translation of the "Kojiki" or Records of ancient matters|publisher=R. Meiklejohn and Co.|year=1882}}</ref> At the time, marriage between children of the same father had always been allowed as long as the mothers involved were different. Marriage of children of the same mother of whom Kinashi no Karu was guilty of was considered incest.<ref name="Brinkley"/> Aston notes in his translation of the Nihon Shoki that it's doubtful Karu no Ōiratsume was banished by her father. Historically women have always been more lightly punished than men for the same offense, and "the particular character of the fault in this case makes such a discrimination all the more reasonable".<ref name="Aston1"/>

Francis Brinkley comments that four facts present themselves during Emperor Ingyō's reign: "Men wore wristbands and garters to which grelots were attached, that a high value was set for pearls, that metal was used for the construction of great man's gates, and the [[List of earthquakes in Japan|first earthquake]] is said to have been experienced in 416 AD". The latter of these things allegedly leveled the Imperial Palace at [[Kyoto]] from the severity of the Earth's tremors.<ref name="Hammer">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&pg=PA62|title=The Catfish and the Keystone|work=Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II|author=Joshua Hammer|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2006|pages=62–63|isbn=9780743264655 }}</ref> Modern sources have since questioned the reliability of this "first earthquake", opting instead to recognize another that took place in Nara prefecture on May 28, 599 during the reign of [[Empress Suiko]].<ref name="Hammer"/>

===Gravesite===
While the actual site of Ingyō's [[grave (burial)|grave]] is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto]] shrine in [[Fujiidera]] [[Osaka]].<ref name="kunaicho"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Burial Mounds and Dolmens of the Early Emperors of Japan|author=[[William Gowland|Gowland, William]]|publisher=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=37|year=1907|pages=10–46}}
</ref> The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Ingyō's [[mausoleum]]/''[[kofun]]''-type Imperial tomb. Formally, this tomb is called {{Nihongo|Emperor Ingyō's misasagi|恵我長野北陵,|''Ega no nagano no kita no misasagi''}}, but is also given the name {{Nihongo|[[Ichinoyama Kofun]]|市ノ山古墳（市野山古墳}}. Another burial candidate for Emperor Ingyō's is the {{Nihongo|[[Furuichi Kofun Cluster|Tsudoshiroyama Kofun]]|津堂城山古墳}}, which is also located in Fujiidera.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Noboru Sotoike|title=Encyclopedia Mausoleum Reference Site: Another Emperor's Mausoleum|publisher=Yoshikawa Kobunkan|year=2005|isbn=4642013458|url=https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000007815714-00|pages=49–52}}</ref> Ingyō is also enshrined at the [[Imperial Palace, Tokyo|Imperial Palace]] along with other emperors and members of the Imperial Family at the [[Three Palace Sanctuaries]].