Editing Emic and etic (section)

==History==
The terms were coined in 1954 by linguist [[Kenneth Pike]], who argued that the tools developed for describing [[linguistics|linguistic]] behaviors could be adapted to the description of any human social behavior. As Pike noted, social scientists have long debated whether their knowledge is objective or subjective. Pike's innovation was to turn away from an [[epistemological]] debate and turn instead to a methodological solution. ''Emic'' and ''etic'' are derived from the linguistic terms ''[[phoneme|phonemic]]'' and  ''[[phone (phonetics)|phonetic]]'', respectively, where a ''phone'' is a distinct speech sound or gesture (such distinction being referred to as ''phonetic''), regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words, whereas a ''phoneme'' is a speech sound in a given language that, if swapped with another phoneme, could change one word to another. The possibility of a truly objective description was discounted by Pike himself in his original work; he proposed the emic–etic dichotomy in anthropology as a way around philosophic issues about the very nature of [[objectivity (philosophy)|objectivity]].{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

The terms were also championed by [[anthropology|anthropologists]] [[Ward Goodenough]] and [[Marvin Harris]] with slightly different connotations from those used by Pike. Goodenough was primarily interested in understanding the culturally specific meaning of specific beliefs and practices; Harris was primarily interested in explaining human behavior.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Pike, Harris, and others have argued that cultural "insiders" and "outsiders" are equally capable of producing emic ''and'' etic accounts of their culture. Some researchers use "etic" to refer to outsider accounts, and "emic" to refer to insider accounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.org/~headlandt/ee-intro.htm|title=Thomas N. Headland: Controversies: Etic–Emic Introduction|website=Sil.org|access-date=10 December 2017}}</ref>

[[Margaret Mead]] was an anthropologist who studied the patterns of adolescence in Samoa. She discovered that the difficulties and the transitions that adolescents faced are culturally influenced. The hormones that are released during puberty can be defined using an etic framework, because [[adolescents]] globally have the same [[hormones]] being secreted. However, Mead concluded that how adolescents respond to these hormones is greatly influenced by their cultural norms. Through her studies, Mead found that simple classifications about behaviors and [[personality]] could not be used because peoples’ cultures influenced their behaviors in such a radical way. Her studies helped create an emic approach of understanding behaviors and personality. Her research deduced that culture has a significant impact in shaping an individual's personality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/field-sepik.html|title=Papua New Guinea: Sex and Temperament - Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture - Exhibitions - Library of Congress|work=loc.gov|date=30 November 2001 |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto">Friedman, Howard S., and Miriam W. Schustack. Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research. Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon, 2012. Print.</ref>

[[Carl Jung]], a Swiss [[psychoanalyst]], is a researcher who took an emic approach in his studies. Jung studied [[mythology]], [[religion]], ancient rituals, and [[dreams]], leading him to believe that there are [[archetypes]] that can be identified and used to categorize people's behaviors. Archetypes are universal structures of the collective unconscious that refer to the inherent way people are predisposed to perceive and process information. The main archetypes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psychology.about.com/od/personalitydevelopment/tp/archetypes.htm|title=What Are Jung's 4 Major Archetypes?|author=Kendra Cherry|work=About.com Education|access-date=21 May 2015|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322090714/http://psychology.about.com/od/personalitydevelopment/tp/archetypes.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> that Jung studied were the [[persona]] (how people choose to present themselves to the world), the [[anima and animus]] (part of people experiencing the world in viewing the opposite sex, that guides how they select their romantic partner), and the [[Shadow (psychology)|shadow]] (dark side of personalities because people have a concept of evil; well-adjusted people must integrate both good and bad parts of themselves). Jung looked at the role of the [[mother]] and deduced that all people have mothers and see their mothers in a similar way; they offer nurture and comfort. His studies also suggest that "infants have evolved to suck milk from the breast, it is also the case that all children have inborn tendencies to react in certain ways." This way of looking at the mother is an emic way of applying a concept cross-culturally and universally.<ref name="auto"/>