Editing Emergence (section)

===Definitions===
This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book VIII (Eta) 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> Many scientists and philosophers<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Winning
 | first1 = Jason
 | last2 = Bechtel
 | first2 = William
 | author-link2 = William Bechtel
 | chapter = Being emergence vs. pattern emergence: complexity, control, and goal-directedness in biological systems
 | chapter-url = https://philpapers.org/rec/WINBEV
 | editor1-last = Gibb
 | editor1-first = Sophie
 | editor2-last = Hendry
 | editor2-first = Robin Findlay
 | editor3-last = Lancaster
 | editor3-first = Tom
 | title = The Routledge Handbook of Emergence
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tz3DwAAQBAJ
 | series = Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy
 | location = Abingdon
 | publisher = Routledge
 | date = 2019
 | page = 134
 | isbn = 9781317381501
 | access-date = 25 October 2020
 | quote = Emergence is much discussed by both philosophers and scientists.
}}
</ref>  have written on the concept, including [[John Stuart Mill]] (''[[Composition of Causes]]'', 1843)<ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref> and [[Julian Huxley]]<ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" {{Harv|Huxley|Huxley|1947|p=120}}</ref> (1887–1975).

The philosopher [[George Henry Lewes|G. H. Lewes]] coined the term "emergent" in 1875, distinguishing it from the merely "resultant":

<blockquote>Every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its components, because these are [[homogeneous]] and [[Commensurability (philosophy of science)|commensurable]]. It is otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Lewes
 | first1 = George Henry
 | author-link1 = George Henry Lewes
 | title = Problems of Life and Mind
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0J8RAAAAYAAJ
 | series = First Series: The Foundations of a Creed
 | volume = 2
 | location = Boston
 | publisher = Osgood
 | date = 1875
 | page = 369
 | access-date = 24 Mar 2019
}}
</ref>{{sfn|Blitz|1992}}
</blockquote>