Editing Electronic warfare (section)

==Subdivisions==
Electronic warfare consists of three major subdivisions: electronic attack (EA), electronic protection (EP), and electronic warfare support (ES).<ref name="JP3-13.1"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Compressive Sensing Based Algorithms for Electronic Defence |chapter=Electronic Defence Systems |series=Signals and Communication Technology |pages=7–10 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46700-9_2 |publisher=Springer Cham |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-46700-9_2 |isbn=978-3-319-46700-9 |last1=Mishra |first1=Amit Kumar |last2=Verster |first2=Ryno Strauss |date=2017 }}</ref>

=== Electronic attack ===
[[File:Krasukha-2_(Красуха-2)_Unloaded.jpg|thumb|[[Krasukha (electronic warfare system)|Krasukha]], a Russian mobile, ground-based, electronic warfare (EW) system used to jam [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] and airborne radars on radar-guided missiles.]]
{{main|Electronic countermeasure}}
Electronic attack (EA), also known as [[Electronic countermeasure|electronic countermeasures]] (ECM), involves the offensive use of electromagnetic energy weapons, directed energy weapons, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability including human life. In the case of electromagnetic energy, this action is most commonly referred to as "jamming" and can be performed on communications systems or radar systems. In the case of anti-radiation weapons, this often includes missiles or bombs that can home in on a specific signal (radio or radar) and follow that path directly to impact, thus destroying the system broadcasting.

In November 2021, [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] announced a new electronic warfare system named [[Scorpius electronic warfare system|Scorpius]] that can disrupt radar and communications from ships, [[UAVs]], and missiles simultaneously and at varying distances.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=Having a catch up with… Lynette Willoughby |work=Leeds Creative Timebank |url=https://leedscreativetimebank.org.uk/having-a-catch-up-with-lynette-willoughby/ |accessdate=2021-11-13 |author1=Morticia }}</ref>

On 8 September 2024, Russian drones entered both Romanian and Latvian airspace. Romania scrambled two F-16s to monitor the drone's progress, it landed "in an uninhabited area" near [[Periprava]], according to the Romanian Ministry of Defence. The drone that entered Latvian airspace from Belarus crashed near [[Rezekne]]. This comes as the ISW noted increased success in Ukrainian [[Electronic Warfare]] against Russian drones that resulted in "several Russian Shahed drones (that) recently failed to reach their intended targets for unknown reasons." Two [[Kh-58]]s also reportedly failed to reach their targets.<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO members Romania, Latvia report Russian drones breach airspace|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-searching-possible-drone-fragments-after-russian-attack-ukraine-2024-09-08/|website=Reuters |date=9 September 2024 |accessdate=10 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine successfully adapting and developing capabilities to counter Russian UAVs – ISW|author=OLHA HLUSHCHENKO|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/09/8/7473964/#|website=Reuters |date=9 September 2024 |accessdate=10 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, SEPTEMBER 8, 2024|author=Christina Harward|author2= Riley Bailey|author3= Nicole Wolkov|author4= Davit Gasparyan| author5= George Barros|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-8-2024|website=ISW |date=8 September 2024 |accessdate=10 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Electronic protection ===
[[Image:E-4 advanced airborne command post EMP sim.jpg|thumb|A right front view of a [[USAF]] [[Boeing E-4]] advanced airborne command post (AABNCP) on the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) simulator (HAGII-C) for testing.]]
{{main|Electronic counter-countermeasure}}
Electronic protection (EP), also known as an electronic protective measure (EPM) or electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) are a measure used to protect against an electronic enemy attack (EA) or to protect against friendly forces who unintentionally deploy the equivalent of an electronic attack on friendly forces. (sometimes called ''EW fratricide'').<ref>{{cite web
  |url = https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA480913
  |title =  Deconflicting Electronic Warfare in Joint Operations
  |access-date = 2022-07-31
  |author1 = Huber, Arthur F. 
  |author2 = Carlberg, Gary Gilliard 
  |author3 = Prince Marquet, L. D. 
  |date =  2007-01-01
  |publisher = [[Defense Technical Information Center]]
}}</ref> The effectiveness of electronic protection (EP) level is the ability to counter an electronic attack (EA).

Flares are often used to distract [[infrared homing]] missiles into missing their target. The use of flare rejection logic in the guidance (seeker head) of an infrared homing missile to counter an adversary's use of flares is an example of EP. While defensive EA actions (jamming) and EP (defeating jamming) both protect personnel, facilities, capabilities, and equipment, EP protects from the ''effects'' of EA (friendly and/or adversary). Other examples of EP include [[spread spectrum]] technologies, the use of restricted frequency lists, emissions control ([[EMCON]]), and low observability (stealth) technology.<ref name="JP3-13.1"/>

Electronic warfare self-protection (EWSP) is a suite of countermeasure systems fitted primarily to aircraft for the purpose of protecting the host from weapons fire and can include, among others: directional infrared countermeasures ([[DIRCM]], [[Flare (countermeasure)|flare]] systems and other forms of [[infrared countermeasure]]s for protection against infrared missiles; [[Chaff (radar countermeasure)|chaff]] (protection against radar-guided missiles); and [[Digital radio frequency memory|DRFM]] decoy systems (protection against radar-targeted anti-aircraft weapons).

An electronic warfare tactics range (EWTR) is a practice range that provides training for personnel operating in electronic warfare. There are two examples of such ranges in [[Europe]]: one at [[RAF Spadeadam]] in the northwest county of [[Cumbria]], England, and the Multinational Aircrew Electronic Warfare Tactics Facility [[Polygone]] range on the border between Germany and France. EWTRs are equipped with ground-based equipment to simulate electronic warfare threats that aircrew might encounter on missions. Other EW training and tactics ranges are available for ground and naval forces as well.

[[Antifragility|Antifragile]] EW is a step beyond standard EP, occurring when a communications link being jammed actually increases in capability as a result of a jamming attack, although this is only possible under certain circumstances such as reactive forms of jamming.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lichtman |first1= Marc |last2= Vondal |first2= Matthew |last3= Clancy |first3= Charles |last4=Reed |first4= Jeffrey |title=Antifragile Communications |journal= IEEE Systems Journal |volume= 12 |pages= 659–670 |date= Feb 2016 |doi= 10.1109/JSYST.2016.2517164 |hdl= 10919/72267 |s2cid= 4339184 |hdl-access= free }}</ref>

=== Electronic warfare support ===
{{main|Electronic warfare support measures}}
[[File:Menwith-hill-radomes.jpg|thumb|right|[[RAF Menwith Hill]], a large [[Echelon (signals intelligence)|ECHELON]] site in the United Kingdom, and part of the [[UK-USA Security Agreement]]]]
Electronic warfare support (ES) is a subdivision of EW involving actions taken by an operational commander or operator to detect, intercept, identify, locate, and/or localize sources of intended and unintended radiated electromagnetic (EM) energy.  These Electronic Support Measures (ESM) aim to enable immediate threat recognition focuses on serving military service needs even in the most tactical, rugged, and extreme environments.  This is often referred to as simply reconnaissance, although today, more common terms are intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ([[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance#ISR (Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance)|ISR]]) or intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance ([[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|ISTAR]]). The purpose is to provide immediate recognition, prioritization, and targeting of threats to battlefield commanders.<ref name="JP3-13.1" />

[[Signals intelligence]] (SIGINT), a discipline overlapping with ES, is the related process of analyzing and identifying intercepted transmissions from sources such as radio communication, [[mobile phones]], [[radar]], or [[microwave communication]]. SIGINT is broken into two categories: electronic intelligence ([[ELINT]]) and communications intelligence ([[COMINT]]). Analysis parameters measured in signals of these categories can include [[frequency]], [[Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]], [[modulation]], and [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]].

The distinction between SIGINT and ES is determined by the controller of the collection assets, the information provided, and the intended purpose of the information. Electronic warfare support is conducted by assets under the operational control of a commander to provide tactical information, specifically threat prioritization, recognition, location, targeting, and avoidance. However, the same assets and resources that are tasked with ES can simultaneously collect information that meets the collection requirements for more strategic intelligence.<ref name="JP3-13.1"/>