Editing Electronic paper (section)

===Gyricon===
{{main|Gyricon}}
Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at [[Xerox]]'s [[Xerox PARC|Palo Alto Research Center]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Genuth|first1=Iddo|title=The Future of Electronic Paper|url=https://thefutureofthings.com/3081-the-future-of-electronic-paper/|publisher=The Future Of Things|access-date=2 March 2015|ref=tfot|date=2007-10-15|archive-date=2020-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817181702/https://thefutureofthings.com/3081-the-future-of-electronic-paper/|url-status=live}}</ref> The first electronic paper, called '''Gyricon''', consisted of polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometers across. Each sphere is a [[Janus particle]] composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other (each bead is thus a [[dipole]]).<ref name="gyroid_dipole">{{cite journal |last1=Crowley |first1=Joseph M. |last2=Sheridon |first2=Nicholas K. |last3=Romano |first3=Linda |title=Dipole moments of gyricon balls |journal=Journal of Electrostatics |volume=55 |issue=3–4 |pages=247–259 |doi=10.1016/S0304-3886(01)00208-X|year=2002}}</ref> The spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that it can rotate freely. The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the pixel a white or black appearance.<ref name="newscientist_1">{{citation |last=Daviss |first=Bennett |title=Paper goes electric |date=15 May 1999 |magazine=New Scientist |publisher=Reed Business Information |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221864.700-paper-goes-electric.html |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807002203/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221864.700-paper-goes-electric.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
A benefit of this type of e-paper is that the contents are retained even after the voltage have been stopped. At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology.<ref name="Soken">Techon [https://tech.nikkeibp.co.jp/dm/english/NEWS_EN/20081104/160670/ Soken electronic wall-paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327223517/https://tech.nikkeibp.co.jp/dm/english/NEWS_EN/20081104/160670/ |date=2019-03-27 }}</ref> In 2007, the Estonian company Visitret Displays was developing this kind of display using [[polyvinylidene fluoride]] (PVDF) as the material for the spheres, dramatically improving the video speed and decreasing the control voltage needed.<ref name="Liiv">J. Liiv. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611190750/https://www.scholars-press.com/catalog/details/store/us/book/978-3-639-51567-1/pvdf-as-material-for-active-element-of-twisting-ball-displays?search=liiv PVDF as material for active element of twisting-ball displays]</ref>