Editing Eero Saarinen (section)

==Career==
[[File:Pohjoisesplanadi, etualalla Ruotsalainen teatteri - XLVIIII-323 - hkm.HKMS000005-km00320x.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Swedish Theatre]], [[Helsinki]]]]
[[File:St Louis night expblend cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Gateway Arch]] in [[St. Louis]]]]
[[File:Dulles Airport Terminal.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Washington Dulles International Airport]] outside [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
[[File:Kleinhans_Music_Hall.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Kleinhans Music Hall]] in the [[Delaware Park–Front Park System]]]]
[[File:TWA Flight Center interior view.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Fluid and open interior space, typical of Saarinen's style, is evident in the [[TWA Flight Center]] at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]].]]
[[File:Jfkairport.jpg|thumb|upright=1|TWA Flight Center at JFK International Airport]]
After his tour of Europe and North Africa, Saarinen returned to Cranbrook to work for his father and teach at the academy. His father's firm, Saarinen, Swanson and Associates, was headed by Eliel Saarinen and Robert Swanson from the late 1930s until Eliel's death in 1950 and headquartered in [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]] until 1961 when the practice was moved to [[Hamden, Connecticut]].

While still working for his father, Saarinen first gained recognition for his design capabilities for a chair he designed together with Charles Eames, which received first place in the Organic Design in Home Furnishings competition in 1940. The [[Tulip chair]], like all other Saarinen chairs, was taken into production by the [[Knoll (company)|Knoll]] furniture company, founded by [[Hans Knoll]], who married Saarinen family friend [[Florence Knoll|Florence (Schust) Knoll]]. Further attention came also while Saarinen was still working for his father when he took first prize in the 1948 competition for the design of the [[Gateway Arch National Park]] (then known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial) in [[St. Louis]]. The memorial was not completed until the 1960s. The competition award was mistakenly addressed to his father because both he and his father had entered the competition separately. 

During his long association with Knoll he designed many important pieces of furniture, including the Grasshopper lounge chair and ottoman (1946), the Womb chair and ottoman (1948),<ref>{{cite news|title=Experts Pick Best-Designed Products of Modern Times|access-date=March 22, 2017|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=March 31, 1959|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/03/31/89172993.pdf|location=22}}</ref> the Womb settee (1950), side and arm chairs (1948–1950), and his most famous Tulip or Pedestal group (1956), which featured side and arm chairs, dining, coffee and side tables, as well as a stool. All of these designs were highly successful except for the Grasshopper lounge chair, which, although in production through 1965, was not a big success.

One of Saarinen's earliest works to receive international acclaim is the [[Crow Island School]] in [[Winnetka, Illinois]] (1940). The first major work by Saarinen, in collaboration with his father, was the [[General Motors Technical Center]] in [[Warren, Michigan]], which follows the rationalist design [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Miesian style]], incorporating steel and glass but with the addition of accent of panels in two shades of blue. The GM Technical Center was constructed in 1956, with Saarinen using models, which allowed him to share his ideas with others and gather input from other professionals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doyle|first=Rachel B.|date=October 13, 2014|title=Nobody Did Midcentury Perfection Like 1956 General Motors|url=https://archive.curbed.com/2014/10/13/10036028/the-midcentury-marvel-that-is-the-gm-tech-center|access-date=September 16, 2021|website=Curbed|language=en}}</ref>

With the success of this project, Saarinen was then invited by other major American corporations such as [[John Deere]], [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center|IBM]]/[[IBM Rochester]], and [[CBS]] to design their new headquarters or other major corporate buildings. Despite the overall rational design philosophy, the interiors usually contained dramatic sweeping staircases as well as furniture designed by Saarinen, such as the Pedestal series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ilovemyarchitect.com/tag/eero-saarinen/|title=architect}}</ref> In the 1950s, he began to receive more commissions from American universities for campus designs and individual buildings. These include Birch Hall at [[Antioch College]], the Noyes dormitory at [[Vassar College|Vassar]] and [[Hill College House]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] as well as the [[Ingalls Rink|Ingalls]] ice rink, [[Ezra Stiles College|Ezra Stiles]] & [[Morse College|Morse]] Colleges at [[Yale University]], the [[MIT Chapel]] and neighboring [[Kresge Auditorium]] at [[MIT]] and the [[University of Chicago Law School]] building and grounds.

Saarinen served on the jury for the [[Sydney Opera House]] commission in 1957 and was crucial in the selection of the now internationally known design by [[Jørn Utzon]].<ref name="sydneyoperahouse1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1954_1958.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604224335/http://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/about/house_history/1954_1958.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Sydney Opera House History 1954 - 1958 - Sydney Opera House|archivedate=June 4, 2015|website=www.sydneyoperahouse.com}}</ref> A jury which did not include Saarinen had discarded Utzon's design in the first round; Saarinen reviewed the discarded designs, recognized a quality in Utzon's design, and ultimately assured the commission of Utzon.<ref name="sydneyoperahouse1"/>

After his father's death in July 1950, Saarinen founded his own architect's office, Eero Saarinen and Associates.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urylSyuA3zwC&pg=PA142 |title=On the Wings of Modernism: The United States Air Force Academy |author=Robert Allen Nauman |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2004 |page=142|isbn=978-0-252-02891-5 }}</ref> He was the principal partner from 1950 until his death. The firm carried out many of its most important works, including the [[Bell Labs Holmdel Complex]] in [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey]]; the [[Gateway Arch]] in [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]]; the [[Miller House (Columbus, Indiana)|Miller House]] in [[Columbus, Indiana]]; the [[TWA Flight Center]] at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], which he worked on with Charles J. Parise; the main terminal of [[Washington Dulles International Airport]]; and the new East Air Terminal of the old [[Ellinikon International Airport|Athens airport]] in Greece, which opened in 1967. Many of these projects use [[catenary]] curves in their structural designs.

In 1949 and 1950, Saarinen was hired by the then-new [[Brandeis University]] to create a master plan for the campus.<ref name="BuildingBrandeis">{{cite web |title=The Role of Eero Saarinen |url=https://lts.brandeis.edu/research/archives-speccoll/exhibits/building/Eero.html |website=Building Brandeis |publisher=Brandeis University Library |access-date=February 23, 2019}}</ref> Saarinen's plan ''A Foundation for Learning: Planning the Campus of Brandeis University'' (1949; second edition 1951), developed with [[Maciej Nowicki (architect)|Matthew Nowicki]], called for a central academic complex surrounded by residential quadrangles along a peripheral road.<ref name="Brandeis50">{{cite book |last1=Bernstein |first1=Gerald S. |title=Building a Campus: An Architectural Celebration of Brandeis University's 50th Anniversary |date=1999 |publisher=Brandeis University Office of Publications |location=Waltham, Massachusetts |oclc=42703912 |pages=25–26}}</ref> The plan was never built but was useful in attracting donors.<ref name="BuildingBrandeis" /> Saarinen did build a few residential structures on the campus, including Ridgewood Quadrangle (1950), Sherman Student Center (1952) and Shapiro Dormitory at Hamilton Quadrangle (1952).<ref name="Brandeis50" /><ref name="BuildingBrandeis" /> These have all been either demolished or extensively remodeled.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

One of his best known [[Thin-shell structure|thin-shell concrete structures]] is the [[Kresge Auditorium]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]. Another thin-shell structure is [[Ingalls Rink]] at [[Yale University]], which has suspension cables connected to a single concrete backbone and is nicknamed "the whale". His most famous work is the [[TWA Flight Center]] at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], which represents the culmination of his previous designs and his genius for expressing the ultimate purpose of each building, what he called the "style for the job".<ref name = ShapingtheFuture2>{{cite book | author = Coir, Mark |date = 2006 |editor= Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa |editor2=Albrecht, Donald | title = Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future2 | chapter = The Cranbrook Factor | location = New Haven, CT | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 978-0972488129 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=097248812X | access-date = March 21, 2017}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2016}} In 2019, the terminal was transformed into the [[TWA Hotel]] and features furniture designed by Saarinen.<ref>{{cite web | title=The TWA Hotel Takes Flight at J.F.K. | website=The New York Times | date=May 15, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/travel/the-twa-hotel-takes-flight-at-jfk.html | access-date=May 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The TWA Hotel opens at JFK | website=nydailynews.com | date=May 16, 2019 | url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nydn-twa-hotel-opens-at-jfk-20190515-photogallery.html | access-date=May 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=What's Old Is New Again: TWA Hotel Opens At JFK Airport | publisher=[[CBS New York]] | date=May 15, 2019 | url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/05/15/twa-hotel-jfk-airport/ | access-date=May 18, 2019}}</ref>

Saarinen designed the [[Kleinhans Music Hall]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], together with his father, Eliel Saarinen. He also designed the former [[Embassy of the United States, London|Embassy of the United States in London]], which opened in 1960, and the former [[Embassy of the United States, Oslo|Embassy of the United States in Oslo]].

Saarinen worked with his father, mother, and sister designing elements of the Cranbrook campus in [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]], including the Cranbrook School, Kingswood School, the Cranbrook Art Academy, and the Cranbrook Science Institute. Eero Saarinen's leaded-glass designs are a prominent feature of these buildings throughout the campus.