Editing Edwin Lutyens (section)

==Architectural career==
===Private practice===
[[File:Munstead Wood, floorplan, fig 22 (Modern Homes, 1909).jpg|thumb|left|Ground floor plan of [[Munstead Wood]]]]

He began his own practice in 1888, his first commission being a private house at Crooksbury, [[Farnham, Surrey]]. During this work, he met the garden designer and horticulturalist [[Gertrude Jekyll]]. In 1896 he began work on a house for Jekyll at [[Munstead Wood]] near [[Godalming]], Surrey. It was the beginning of a professional partnership that would define the look of many Lutyens country houses.

The "Lutyens–Jekyll" garden had hardy shrubbery and herbaceous plantings within a structural architecture of stairs and balustraded terraces. This combined style, of the formal with the informal, exemplified by brick paths, herbaceous borders, and with plants such as lilies, lupins, delphiniums and lavender, was in contrast to the formal bedding schemes favoured by the previous generation in the 19th century. This "natural" style was to define the "English garden" until modern times.

Lutyens's fame grew largely through the popularity of the new lifestyle magazine ''[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]'' created by [[Edward Hudson (magazine owner)|Edward Hudson]], which featured many of his house designs. Hudson was a great admirer of Lutyens's style and commissioned Lutyens for a number of projects, including [[Lindisfarne Castle]] and the ''Country Life'' headquarters building in London, at 8 [[Tavistock Street]]. One of his assistants in the 1890s was [[Maxwell Ayrton]].<ref>[http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 Ormrod Maxwell Ayrton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304021459/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200099 |date=4 March 2012 }} at scottisharchitects.org.uk, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref>

By the turn of the century, Lutyens was recognised as one of architecture's coming men. In his major study of English domestic buildings, ''[[Das englische Haus]]'', published in 1904, [[Hermann Muthesius]] wrote of Lutyens, "He is a young man who has come increasingly to the forefront of domestic architects and who may soon become the accepted leader among English builders of houses".{{sfn|Muthesius|1979|p=55}}

=== Works ===
{{Main|List of works by Edwin Lutyens}}
[[File:Lutyens houses and gardens (1921) (14783718963).jpg|thumb|Ground floor plan of [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] ]]

The bulk of Lutyens's early work consisted of private houses in an [[Arts and Crafts]] style, strongly influenced by [[Tudor architecture]] and the [[vernacular architecture|vernacular]] styles of south-east England. This was the most innovative phase of his career. Important works of this period include Munstead Wood,{{sfn|Gradidge|1981|pp=27–31}} [[Tigbourne Court]], [[Orchards, Surrey|Orchards]] and [[Goddards]] in [[Surrey]], [[Deanery Garden]] and [[Folly Farm, Sulhamstead|Folly Farm]] in Berkshire, [[Overstrand Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] and Le [[Bois des Moutiers]] in France.

After about 1900 this style gave way to a more conventional [[Classicism]], a change of direction which had a profound influence on wider British architectural practice. His commissions were of a varied nature from private houses to two churches for the new [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]] in London to [[Julius Drewe]]'s [[Castle Drogo]] near [[Drewsteignton]] in Devon and on to his contributions to [[Lutyens' Delhi|India's new imperial capital]], New Delhi (where he worked as chief architect with Herbert Baker and others). Here he added elements of local architectural styles to his classicism, and based his urbanisation scheme on [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] water gardens. He also designed the [[Hyderabad House]] for the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], as his Delhi palace and planned the layout for the [[Janpath]] and [[Rajpath]] roads.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debiparna |date=1 January 2017|title=10 Interesting Facts about Sir Edwin Lutyens, the Architect Who Designed Most of New Delhi |url=https://www.vagabomb.com/10-Interesting-Facts-about-Sir-Edwin-Lutyens-the-Architect-Who-Designed-Most-of-New-Delhi/ |access-date=11 November 2022|website=vagabomb.com}}</ref>

[[File:Portland.stone.cenotaph.london.arp.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Cenotaph]], [[Whitehall]], London]]

Before the end of [[World War I]], he was appointed one of three principal architects for the Imperial War Graves Commission (now [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]) and was involved with the creation of [[World War I memorials|many monuments to commemorate the dead]]. Larger cemeteries have a [[Stone of Remembrance]], designed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128|url-status=dead|title=Canadian Encyclopedia Monuments, World Wars I and II|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The best known of these monuments are [[The Cenotaph]] in [[Whitehall]], [[Westminster]], and the [[Memorial to the Missing of the Somme]], [[Thiepval]]. The Cenotaph was originally commissioned by [[David Lloyd George]] as a temporary structure to be the centrepiece of the Allied Victory Parade in 1919. Lloyd George proposed a [[catafalque]], a low empty platform, but it was Lutyens's idea for the taller monument. The design took less than six hours to complete. Lutyens also designed many other war memorials, and others are based on or inspired by Lutyens's designs. Examples of Lutyens's other war memorials include the [[National War Memorial, Islandbridge|War Memorial Gardens]] in Dublin, the [[Tower Hill memorial]], the [[Manchester Cenotaph]] and the [[Arch of Remembrance]] memorial in Leicester.
[[File:Cenotaph sketch by Lutyens.jpg|thumb|Lutyens's design for [[The Cenotaph]]]]

Lutyens also refurbished [[Lindisfarne Castle]] for its wealthy owner.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=118–119}}

One of Lutyens's smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is [[The Salutation]], a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a {{convert|3.7|acre|adj=on}} garden, it was commissioned by [[Henry Farrer]], one of three sons of Sir [[William Farrer]].{{sfn|Newman|2013|p=539}}

Lutyens heavily influenced [[Sigurd Frosterus]] when he designed [[Vanajanlinna Manor]] in [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oksala |first=Sari |last2=Happonen |first2=Riikka |date=24 January 2024 |title=Wilhelm Rosenlewin yltiöpäinen optimismi loi röyhkeän monumentin – Näin Vanajanlinnaa kommentoi nyt hänen sukulaispoikansa |url=https://www.hameenlinnankaupunkiuutiset.fi/paikalliset/6504785 |access-date=5 October 2024 |website=Hämeenlinnan Kaupunkiuutiset |language=fi}}</ref> 

[[File:100 King Street Manchester.jpg|thumb|upright|Lutyens's [[100 King Street|Midland Bank Building]] in Manchester, constructed in 1935|left]]
He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1918<ref name="gazette1">{{London Gazette|issue=30607|page=4026
|date=2 April 1918}}</ref> and elected a [[Royal Academician]] in March 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/edwin-lutyens-pra |title=Sir Edwin Lutyens {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts|website=royalacademy.org.uk |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In 1924, he was appointed a member of the newly created [[Royal Fine Art Commission]], a position he held until his death.<ref name="gazette3">{{London Gazette|issue=32942|page=4429|date=3 June 1924}}</ref>

While work continued in New Delhi, Lutyens received other commissions including several commercial buildings in London and the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D.C.]].

In 1924 he completed the supervision of the construction of what is perhaps his most popular design: [[Queen Mary's Dolls' House]]. This four-storey [[Palladian]] villa was built in 1/12 scale and is now a permanent exhibit in the public area of [[Windsor Castle]]. It was not conceived or built as a plaything for children; its goal was to exhibit the finest British craftsmanship of the period.

Lutyens was commissioned in 1929 to design a new [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[Liverpool]]. He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a {{Convert|510|ft|m|abbr=|adj=on}} dome, with commissioned sculpture work by [[Charles Sargeant Jagger]] and [[W. C. H. King]]. Work on this building started in 1933, but was halted during [[World War II]]. After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of Lutyens's unrealised building was given to and restored by the [[Walker Art Gallery]] in 1975 and is now on display in the [[Museum of Liverpool]].<ref name=apollo>[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ Conserving the Lutyens cathedral model, Liverpool museums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202152343/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/conservation/departments/models/lutyens/ |date=2 February 2012 }}. Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</ref> The architect of the present [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral]], which was built over part of the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir [[Frederick Gibberd]].

In 1945, a year after his death, ''A Plan for the City & County of [[Kingston upon Hull]]'' was published. Lutyens worked on the plan with Sir [[Patrick Abercrombie]] and they are credited as its co-authors. Abercrombie's introduction in the plan makes special reference to Lutyens's contribution. The plan was, however, rejected by [[Hull City Council]]. He was also involved in the Royal Academy's planning for post-war London, an endeavour dismissed by [[Osbert Lancaster]] as "... not unlike what the new [[Nuremberg]] might have been had [[the Führer]] enjoyed the inestimable advantage of the advice and guidance of the late Sir [[Aston Webb]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-edwin-lutyens/10029787.article|title=The rise and fall and rise of Edwin Lutyens|first1=Gavin|last1=Stamp|website=Architectural Review|date=19 November 1981}}</ref>

===Overseas commissions===
====Ireland (1906–1918)====
Works in [[Ireland]] include the [[Irish National War Memorial Gardens]] in [[Islandbridge]] in [[Dublin]], which consists of a bridge over the railway and a bridge over the [[River Liffey]] (unbuilt) and two tiered sunken gardens; [[Heywood House Gardens]], [[County Laois]] (open to the public), consisting of a hedge garden, lawns, tiered sunken garden and a belvedere; extensive changes and extensions to Lambay Castle, [[Lambay Island]], near Dublin, consisting of a circular battlement enclosing the restored and extended castle and farm building complex, upgraded cottages and stores near the harbour, a real tennis court, a large guest house (The White House), a boathouse and a chapel; alterations and extensions to [[Howth Castle]], [[County Dublin]]; the unbuilt [[Hugh Lane]] gallery straddling the [[River Liffey]] on the site of the [[Ha'penny Bridge]] and the unbuilt [[Hugh Lane Gallery]] on the west side of [[St Stephen's Green]]; and [[Costelloe Lodge]] at [[Casla]] (also known as Costelloe), [[County Galway]] (that was used for refuge by [[J. Bruce Ismay]], the Chairman of the [[White Star Line]], following the sinking of the RMS ''[[Titanic]]''). In 1907, Lutyens designed [[Tranarossan House]], located just north of [[Downings]] on the [[Rosguill]] Peninsula on the north coast of [[County Donegal]].<ref>[[Alistair Rowan]], ''[[The Buildings of Ireland]]: North West Ulster'', p. 169. [[Yale University Press]], [[New Haven]] and London, 2003 (originally published by [[Penguin Books|Penguin]], London, 1979).</ref> The house was built of local granite for Mr and Mrs Phillimore, from London, as a holiday home. In 1937, Mrs Phillimore donated it to ''[[An Óige]]'' (Irish Youth Hostels Association) for the "youth of Ireland", and it has been a hostel ever since.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anoige.ie/tra-na-rosann/ |title=Trá na Rosann |website=Anoige|access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110045333/https://anoige.ie/tra-na-rosann/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== India (1912–1930) ====
{{Main|Lutyens' Delhi}}
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg|thumb|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], was designed by Lutyens.]]

Largely designed by Lutyens over 20 or so years (1912 to 1930), New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of [[Delhi]], popularly known as '[[Lutyens' Delhi]]', was chosen to replace [[Calcutta]] as the seat of the British Indian government in 1911;{{sfn|Irving|1981|p=29}} the project was completed in 1929 and officially inaugurated in 1931. In undertaking this project, Lutyens invented his own new order of classical architecture, which has become known as the [[Delhi Order]] and was used by him for several designs in England, such as [[Campion Hall, Oxford]]. Unlike the more traditional British architects who came before him, he was both inspired by and incorporated various features from the local and traditional Indian architecture—something most clearly seen in the great drum-mounted Buddhist dome of Viceroy's House, now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. This palatial building, containing 340 rooms, is built on an area of some {{convert|330|acre|ha}} and incorporates a private garden also designed by Lutyens. The building was designed as the official residence of the [[Viceroy of India]] and is now the official residence of the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-heritage-tour-from-tughlaq-to-british-era-cycle-your-way-to-historical-monuments/story-j3wSwSJyQcctJDwyFqBybI.html |title = Delhi heritage tour: From Tughlaq to British era, cycle your way to historical monuments |newspaper = Hindustan Times |date=8 June 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |title=Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, English architect and designer |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132703/http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/indias-roads-whose-space-is-it-anyway-17555|title=India's roads: Whose space is it anyway? |date=3 July 2017 |access-date = 3 July 2017}}</ref>

The Delhi Order columns at the front entrance of the palace have bells carved into them, which, it has been suggested, Lutyens had designed with the idea that as the bells were silent the British rule would never come to an end. At one time, more than 2,000 people were required to care for the building and serve the Rastrapati Bhavan.

The new city contains both the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament buildings]] and [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|government offices]] (many designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone using the traditional [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] style.

When composing the plans for New Delhi, Lutyens planned for the new city to lie southwest of the walled city of [[Shahjahanbad]]. His plans for the city also laid out the street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues.

Built in the spirit of British colonial rule, the place where the new imperial city and the older native settlement met was intended to be a market. It was there that Lutyens imagined the Indian traders would participate in "the grand shopping centre for the residents of Shahjahanabad and New Delhi", thus giving rise to the D-shaped market seen today.

Many of the garden-ringed villas in the [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]] (LBZ)—also known as Lutyens' Delhi—that were part of Lutyens's original scheme for New Delhi are under threat due to the constant pressure for development in Delhi. The LBZ was placed on the 2002 [[World Monuments Fund]] Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites. None of the bungalows in the LBZ were designed by Lutyens—he only designed the four bungalows in the Presidential Estate surrounding Rashtrapati Bhavan at Willingdon Crescent, now known as Mother Teresa Crescent.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lutyens himself designed only four bungalows |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx |archive-date = 22 October 2012}}</ref> Other buildings in Delhi that Lutyens designed include [[Baroda House]], [[Bikaner House]], [[Hyderabad House]], and [[Patiala House Courts Complex|Patiala House]].<ref>Prakash, Om (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzpYb5UOeiwC Cultural History Of India]''. New Age International, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-224-1587-3}}. p. 217.</ref>

In recognition of his architectural accomplishments for the British Raj, Lutyens was made a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) on 1 January 1930.<ref name="gazette2">{{London Gazette
|issue=33566
|page=5
|date=1 January 1930
|supp=y
}}</ref> As a chivalric order, the KCIE knighthood held precedence over his earlier [[knight bachelor|bachelor knighthood]].

A bust of Lutyens in the Rastrapati bhavan is the only statue of a Westerner left in its original position in New Delhi. Lutyens's work in New Delhi is the focus of [[Robert Grant Irving]]'s book ''Indian Summer''.

In spite of his monumental work in India, Lutyens believed that the peoples of the Indian sub-continent were less civilised and less intelligent than Europeans, although these views were common at the time among many of his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jun/23/biography.art |title=The Architect And His Wife, The Life of Edwin Lutyens |access-date=25 January 2014 |newspaper = The Guardian }}</ref> He thought the Indian Indo-Saracenic style was "formless, not of carved decoration, an anathema...hardly qualified as architecture at all." Endless battles were fought between him and Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Hardinge]] over architectural style: Lutyens wanted classical, the architecture of the Empire – Hardinge wanted elements of the Indian vernacular for political and cultural reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=The Architect and His Wife: A Life of Edwin Lutyens |page=257}}</ref>

==== Spain (1915–1928)====
In [[Madrid]], Lutyens's work can be seen in the interiors of the [[Liria Palace]], a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29543345 | jstor=29543345 | title=Lutyens and Spain | last1=Stamp | first1=Gavin | last2=Richardson | first2=Margaret | journal=AA Files | year=1983 | issue=3 | pages=51–59 }}</ref> The palace was originally built in the 18th century for [[James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick]], and still belongs to his descendants. Lutyens's reconstruction was commissioned by [[Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba]]. The Duke had been in contact with Lutyens while serving as the Spanish ambassador to the [[Court of St. James's]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basarrate |first1=Iñigo |title=Edwin Lutyens y la reconstrucción del Palacio de Liria |journal=Revista de Arte Goya |date=October-December 2022 |issue=381 |pages=309-324}}</ref>


Between 1915 and 1928, Lutyens also produced designs for a new palace for the Duke of Alba's younger brother, [[Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duke of Peñaranda]]. The palace of El Guadalperal, as it was to be called, would have been, if built, Edwin Lutyens's largest country house.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1017/arh.2017.10 | doi=10.1017/arh.2017.10 | title=Edwin Lutyens in Spain: The Palace of El Guadalperal | year=2017 | last1=Basarrate | first1=Íñigo | journal=Architectural History | volume=60 | pages=303–339 | s2cid=194864199 }}</ref>
[[File:JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH PEARSON and SIR EDWIN LANDSEER LUTYENS - 13 Mansfield Street Marylebone London W1G 9NZ.jpg|thumb|right|13 [[Mansfield Street, London|Mansfield Street]], Marylebone, Lutyens's London home from 1919 to his death in 1944]]