Editing Edinburgh (section)

==Nicknames==

The city is affectionately nicknamed ''Auld Reekie'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND:: Auld adj. |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/auld |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202622/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/auld |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=10 December 2018 |website=www.dsl.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND:: Reek n.1, v. |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/reek_n1_v |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202644/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/reek_n1_v |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=10 December 2018 |website=www.dsl.ac.uk}}</ref> Scots for ''Old Smoky'', for the views from the country of the smoke-covered Old Town. A note in a collection of the works of the poet [[Allan Ramsay (poet)|Allan Ramsay]] explains, "Auld Reeky...A name the country people give Edinburgh, from the cloud of smoke or reek that is always impending over it."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramsay |first1=Allan |authorlink=Allan Ramsay (poet) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmQt4-11wxEC |title=The Poetical works of Allan Ramsay |volume=III |year=1819 |page=86 |accessdate=2024-04-26 }}</ref> In [[Walter Scott]]'s 1820 novel ''[[The Abbot]]'', a character observes that "yonder stands Auld Reekie—you may see the smoke hover over her at twenty miles' distance".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Walter |title=The Abbot |title-link=The Abbot |date=1821 |publisher=Hickman and Hazzard |location=Philadelphia |author-link=Walter Scott}}</ref> [[Thomas Carlyle]] comments on the phenomenon: "Smoke cloud hangs over old Edinburgh, for, ever since [[Pope Pius II|Aeneas Silvius]]'s time and earlier, the people have the art, very strange to Aeneas, of burning a certain sort of black stones, and Edinburgh with its chimneys is called 'Auld Reekie' by the country people".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlyle |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalsketc00carlgoog#page/n322/mode/2up |title=Historical Sketches.... |publisher=Chapman and Hall |year=1898 |pages=304–305 |author-link=Thomas Carlyle |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081942/http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalsketc00carlgoog#page/n322/mode/2up |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th-century historian [[Robert Chambers (publisher born 1802)|Robert Chambers]] asserted that the [[sobriquet]] could not be traced before the reign of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] in the late 17th century. He attributed the name to a [[Fife]] laird, Durham of Largo, who regulated the bedtime of his children by the smoke rising above Edinburgh from the fires of the tenements. "It's time now bairns, to tak' the beuks, and gang to our beds, for yonder's Auld Reekie, I see, putting on her nicht-cap!".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chambers |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/stream/traditionsofedin00cham#page/168/mode/2up |title=Traditions of Edinburgh |publisher=W. & R. Chambers |year=1868 |location=Edinburgh and London |page=168 |author-link=Robert Chambers (publisher born 1802) |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195057/http://www.archive.org/stream/traditionsofedin00cham#page/168/mode/2up |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Edinburgh has been popularly called the ''Athens of the North'' since the early 19th century.<ref name="Lowrey">{{Cite journal |last=Lowrey |first=John |date=2001 |title=From Caesarea to Athens: Greek Revival Edinburgh and the Question of Scottish Identity within the Unionist State |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/991701 |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=136–157 |doi=10.2307/991701 |jstor=991701 |issn=0037-9808|url-access=subscription }}</ref> References to [[Athens]], such as ''Athens of Britain'' and ''Modern Athens'', had been made as early as the 1760s. The similarities were seen to be topographical but also intellectual. Edinburgh's Castle Rock reminded returning [[Grand Tour|grand tourists]] of the [[Athens|Athenian]] [[Acropolis, Athens|Acropolis]], as did aspects of the [[neoclassical architecture]] and layout of [[New Town, Edinburgh|New Town]].<ref name="Lowrey" /> Both cities had flatter, fertile agricultural land sloping down to a [[port]] several miles away (respectively, [[Leith]] and [[Piraeus]]). Intellectually, the [[Scottish Enlightenment]], with its [[Humanism|humanist]] and [[Rationalism|rationalist]] outlook, was influenced by [[Ancient Greek philosophy]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Thomson |first=Herbert F. |title=The Scottish Enlightenment and Political Economy |date=1987 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3255-5_14 |work=Pre-Classical Economic Thought |pages=221–255 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-3255-5_14 |isbn=978-94-010-7960-0 |access-date=29 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1822 the English landscape painter [[Hugh William Williams]] organised an exhibition that showed his paintings of Athens alongside views of Edinburgh, and the idea of a direct parallel between both cities quickly caught the popular imagination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athens Of The North |url=https://ewh.org.uk/trails/athens-of-the-north/ |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Edinburgh World Heritage|date=24 November 2017 }}</ref> When plans were drawn up in the early 19th century to architecturally develop [[Calton Hill]], the design of the [[National Monument of Scotland|National Monument]] directly copied Athens' [[Parthenon]].<ref name="McKee">{{Cite journal |last=McKee |first=Kirsten Carter |date=2015 |title=The Genius Loci of the Athens of the North: The Cultural Significance of Edinburgh's Calton Hill |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26589592 |journal=Garden History |volume=43 |pages=64–69 |jstor=26589592 |issn=0307-1243}}</ref> [[Tom Stoppard]]'s character Archie of ''[[Jumpers (play)|Jumpers]]'' said, perhaps playing on [[Reykjavík]] meaning "smoky bay", that the "Reykjavík of the South" would be more appropriate.<ref>Stoppard, Tom. ''Jumpers'', Grove Press, 1972, p. 69.</ref>

The city has also been known by several [[List of Latin place names in Britain#Cities and towns in Scotland|Latin names]], such as ''Edinburgum'', while the adjectival forms ''Edinburgensis'' and ''Edinensis'' are used in educational and scientific contexts.<ref name="Grässe1909">{{Cite book |last=Grässe |first=Johann Georg Theodor |title=Orbis latinus: oder Verzeichnis der wichtigsten lateinischen Orts- und Ländernamen |title-link=Orbis Latinus |publisher=Richard Carl Schmidt |year=1909 |edition=2nd |location=Berlin |language=de |trans-title=Orbis latinus: or List of the most important latin place and country names |author-link=Johann Georg Theodor Grässe |orig-year=1861}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Latin Abbreviations |url=http://www.herbdatanz.com/pharmaceutical_latin_abbreviations.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505111506/http://www.herbdatanz.com/pharmaceutical_latin_abbreviations.htm |archive-date=5 May 2006 |access-date=8 July 2009 |publisher=Herbdatanz.com}}</ref>

''Edina'' is a late 18th-century poetical form used by the Scottish poets [[Robert Fergusson]] and [[Robert Burns]]. "Embra" or "Embro" are colloquialisms from the same time,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embro, Embro – the hidden history of Edinburgh in its music |url=http://www.campin.me.uk/Embro/Webrelease/Embro/Embro.htm |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> as in [[Robert Garioch]]'s ''Embro to the Ploy''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makars Literary Tour &#124; Robert Garioch |url=http://www.edinburghliterarypubtour.co.uk/makars/garioch/embro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703111205/http://www.edinburghliterarypubtour.co.uk/makars/garioch/embro.html |archive-date=3 July 2009 |access-date=8 July 2009 |publisher=Edinburghliterarypubtour.co.uk}}</ref>

[[Ben Jonson]] described it as "Britaine's other eye",<ref>[http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521641136_CCOL0521641136A003 The Cambridge Companion to Ben Jonson] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817133048/http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521641136_CCOL0521641136A003 |date=17 August 2011 }}. Retrieved 17 April 2007.</ref> and Sir Walter Scott referred to it as "yon Empress of the North".<ref>[http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/w-scott/marmion.pdf Marmion A Tale of Flodden Field by Walter Scott] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926125350/http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/w-scott/marmion.pdf |date=26 September 2007 }}. Retrieved 17 April 2007.</ref> [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], also a son of the city, wrote that Edinburgh "is what Paris ought to be".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |date=1903 |title=Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/382 |access-date=3 December 2019 |publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>