Editing Economy of Mexico (section)

==Macroeconomic, financial and welfare indicators==
[[File:Mexico inflation rate.webp|thumb|center|375px|Mexico inflation rate 1970-2022]]
[[File:Mexico bonds.webp|thumb|center|375px|Mexico bonds
{{legend-line|#006341 solid 3px|30 year}}
{{legend-line|#CE1126 solid 3px|10 year}}
{{legend-line|#929292 solid 3px|1 year}}
{{legend-line|#F8BA00 solid 3px|3 month}}
]]

===Main indicators===
[[File:PortVeracruz55.JPG|thumb|right|250px|A portion of the [[port]] of Veracruz]]
{| style="width: 22em; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;" class="wikitable floatright"
|-
!  style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"|GDP per capita [[purchasing power parity|PPP]]
|  style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"| US $16,900 (2012–15)
|-
!  style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|GNI per capita [[purchasing power parity|PPP]]
|valign="top"| US $16,500 (2012–15)
|-
!  style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"|Inflation ([[Consumer price index|CPI]])
|  style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"|  3.7% (February 2021)
|-
!  style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|[[Gini index]]
|valign="top"| 43.4 (World Bank 2016)
|-
!  style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"|Unemployment
|  style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"| 4.5% (January 2021)
|-
!  style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|[[Human Development Index|HDI]]
|valign="top"|{{profit}} 0.779 (2020)
|-
!  style="text-align:left; background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"|Labor force
|  style="background:#f0f0f0; vertical-align:top;"| 78.4 million (2011)
|-
!  style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Pop. in poverty
|valign="top"| 13.8%
|}

Mexico's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) was estimated at US$2,143.499 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] in 2014, and $1,261.642 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] in nominal exchange rates.<ref name="IMF Mexico"/> It is the leader of the [[MINT (economics)|MINT]] group. Its standard of living, as GDP in PPP per capita, was US$16,900. The World Bank reported in 2009 that Mexico's [[Gross National Income]] in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America, after [[Brazil]] at US$1,830.392&nbsp;billion,<ref name="GNI">{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNI.pdf|title=Total GNI Atlas Method 2009, World Bank|access-date=December 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105181216/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNI.pdf|archive-date=November 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> which lead to the highest [[Gross National Income|income per capita]] in the region at $14,400.<ref name="GNIPC">{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf |title=GNI per capita 2009, Atlas method and PPP, World Bank |access-date=December 27, 2010 |archive-date=November 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119222253/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> As such, Mexico established itself as an upper middle-income country. After the slowdown of 2001, the country recovered and grown 4.2, 3.0, and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005, and 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eclac.org/prensa/noticias/comunicados/0/27580/GDPchartforprelimoverview_ENG.pdf|title=Reporte ECLAC|access-date=February 16, 2007|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615205535/http://www.eclac.org/prensa/noticias/comunicados/0/27580/GDPchartforprelimoverview_ENG.pdf|archive-date=June 15, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> even though it is considered to be well below Mexico's potential growth.<ref name="Hufbauer"/>

The [[Mexican peso]] is the currency ([[ISO 4217]]: MXN; symbol: $). One peso is divided into 100 ''centavos'' (cents). MXN replaced MXP in 1993 at a rate of 1000 MXP per 1 MXN. The exchange rate remained stable between [[Economic history of Mexico#Peso.E2.80.93US dollar exchange 1970.E2.80.932016|1998 and 2006]], oscillating between 10.20 and 11=3.50 MXN per US$. The Mexican peso parity decreased under president Enrique Peña Nieto, [http://www.proceso.com.mx/468127/pierde-peso-19-87-valor-en-2016-preven-dolar-en-23-pesos lost in a single year 19.87% of its value] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329061218/http://www.proceso.com.mx/468127/pierde-peso-19-87-valor-en-2016-preven-dolar-en-23-pesos |date=March 29, 2017 }} reaching an exchange rate of $20.37 per dollar in 2017. Interest rates in 2007 were situated at around 7 percent,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banxico.org.mx/polmoneinflacion/estadisticas/tasasInteres/tasasInteres.html |title=Tasas de Interés, Banco de México |access-date=February 16, 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217053525/http://www.banxico.org.mx/polmoneinflacion/estadisticas/tasasInteres/tasasInteres.html |archive-date=February 17, 2007  }}</ref> having reached a historic low in 2002 below 5 percent. Inflation rates are also at historic lows; the inflation rate in Mexico in 2006 was 4.1 percent and 3 percent by the end of 2007. Compared against the US Dollar, Mexican Peso [[Economic history of Mexico#Peso.E2.80.93US dollar exchange 1970.E2.80.932016|has devalued over %7,500 since 1910]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Unemployment rates are the lowest of all [[OECD]] member countries at 3.2 percent. However, underemployment is estimated at 25 percent.<ref name="CIA" /> Mexico's [[Human Development Index]] was reported at 0.829 in 2008,<ref name="unhdi">{{cite web|title=Table 1: Human Development Index |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_indicator_tables.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2008 |author=UNDP Human Development Report 2007/2008 |date=January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226204118/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_indicator_tables.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |url-status=live  }} pp. 229–32</ref> (comprising a life expectancy index of 0.84, an education index of 0.86 and a GDP index of 0.77), ranking 52 in the world within the group of high-development.

'''Development'''

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2023  (with IMF staff estimates in 2024–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102105412/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!GDP
<small>(in billion US$PPP)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ PPP)</small>
!GDP
<small>(in billion US$nominal)</small>
!GDP per capita
<small>(in US$ nominal)</small>
!GDP growth
<small>(real)</small>
!Inflation rate
<small>(in Percent)</small>
!Unemployment
<small>(in Percent)</small>
!Government debt
<small>(in % of GDP)</small>
|-
|1980
|404.3
|5,984.8
|228.6
|3,383.7
|{{Increase}}9.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}26.5%
|1.2%
|n/a
|-
|1981
|{{Increase}}480.3
|{{Increase}}6,934.4
|{{Increase}}293.6
|{{Increase}}4,238.8
|{{Increase}}8.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}28.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}0.9%
|n/a
|-
|1982
|{{Increase}}507.4
|{{Increase}}7,148.6
|{{Decrease}}213.1
|{{Decrease}}3,002.2
|{{Decrease}}-0.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}59.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.2%
|n/a
|-
|1983
|{{Increase}}508.8
|{{Decrease}}7,001.9
|{{Decrease}}173.7
|{{Decrease}}2,390.4
|{{Decrease}}-3.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}101.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.1%
|n/a
|-
|1984
|{{Increase}}545.2
|{{Increase}}7,331.8
|{{Increase}}204.9
|{{Increase}}2,755.0
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}65.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}5.6%
|n/a
|-
|1985
|{{Increase}}574.7
|{{Increase}}7,559.2
|{{Increase}}217.4
|{{Increase}}2,859.2
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}57.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.4%
|n/a
|-
|1986
|{{Decrease}}568.3
|{{Decrease}}7,314.4
|{{Decrease}}150.5
|{{Decrease}}1,937.4
|{{Decrease}}-3.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}86.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.3%
|n/a
|-
|1987
|{{Increase}}592.3
|{{Increase}}7,465.9
|{{Increase}}165.1
|{{Increase}}2,080.4
|{{Increase}}1.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}132.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|n/a
|-
|1988
|{{Increase}}621.1
|{{Increase}}7,670.6
|{{Increase}}201.9
|{{Increase}}2,493.8
|{{Increase}}1.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}113.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.5%
|n/a
|-
|1989
|{{Increase}}671.9
|{{Increase}}8,137.0
|{{Increase}}246.1
|{{Increase}}2,979.9
|{{Increase}}4.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}19.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.9%
|n/a
|-
|1990
|{{Increase}}733.2
|{{Increase}}8,710.7
|{{Increase}}290.4
|{{Increase}}3,450.2
|{{Increase}}5.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}26.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.7%
|n/a
|-
|1991
|{{Increase}}789.9
|{{Increase}}9,212.0
|{{Increase}}348.1
|{{Increase}}4,060.0
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}22.6%
|{{Steady}}2.7%
|n/a
|-
|1992
|{{Increase}}836.5
|{{Increase}}9,580.9
|{{Increase}}403.7
|{{Increase}}4,624.0
|{{Increase}}3.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.8%
|n/a
|-
|1993
|{{Increase}}879.8
|{{Increase}}9,902.0
|{{Increase}}500.8
|{{Increase}}5,636.4
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.4%
|n/a
|-
|1994
|{{Increase}}943.0
|{{Increase}}10,435.6
|{{Increase}}527.8
|{{Increase}}5,841.0
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}7.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.7%
|n/a
|-
|1995
|{{Decrease}}902.2
|{{Decrease}}9,823.1
|{{Decrease}}360.1
|{{Decrease}}3,920.7
|{{Decrease}}-6.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}35.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.2%
|n/a
|-
|1996
|{{Increase}}980.9
|{{Increase}}10,514.4
|{{Increase}}411.0
|{{Increase}}4,405.1
|{{Increase}}6.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}34.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}5.5%
|44.7%
|-
|1997
|{{Increase}}1,066.2
|{{Increase}}11,256.0
|{{Increase}}500.4
|{{Increase}}5,283.1
|{{Increase}}6.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}20.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}40.9%
|-
|1998
|{{Increase}}1,133.9
|{{Increase}}11,796.6
|{{Increase}}526.5
|{{Increase}}5,477.9
|{{Increase}}5.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}15.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}42.0%
|-
|1999
|{{Increase}}1,181.5
|{{Increase}}12,120.0
|{{Increase}}600.2
|{{Increase}}6,157.2
|{{Increase}}2.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}16.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.5%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}43.8%
|-
|2000
|{{Increase}}1,268.0
|{{Increase}}12,835.7
|{{Increase}}707.9
|{{Increase}}7,166.1
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}9.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.2%
|{{DecreasePositive}}40.3%
|-
|2001
|{{Increase}}1,291.3
|{{Increase}}12,899.4
|{{Increase}}756.7
|{{Increase}}7,559.0
|{{Decrease}}-0.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}2.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}39.3%
|-
|2002
|{{Increase}}1,310.9
|{{Increase}}12,916.1
|{{Increase}}772.1
|{{Increase}}7,607.4
|{{Decrease}}0.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}41.9%
|-
|2003
|{{Increase}}1,356.1
|{{Increase}}13,180.1
|{{Decrease}}729.3
|{{Decrease}}7,088.5
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{Increase}}4.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}44.2%
|-
|2004
|{{Increase}}1,447.1
|{{Increase}}13,878.1
|{{Increase}}782.2
|{{Increase}}7,501.9
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{Increase}}4.7%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}40.8%
|-
|2005
|{{Increase}}1,526.9
|{{Increase}}14,450.1
|{{Increase}}877.5
|{{Increase}}8,304.0
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}38.5%
|-
|2006
|{{Increase}}1,644.8
|{{Increase}}15,349.7
|{{Increase}}975.4
|{{Increase}}9,102.5
|{{Increase}}4.5%
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{Steady}}3.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}37.4%
|-
|2007
|{{Increase}}1,728.0
|{{Increase}}15,890.1
|{{Increase}}1,052.7
|{{Increase}}9,680.4
|{{Increase}}2.3%
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.6%
|{{DecreasePositive}}37.2%
|-
|2008
|{{Increase}}1,781.2
|{{Increase}}16,133.6
|{{Increase}}1,110.0
|{{Increase}}10,053.7
|{{Increase}}1.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}42.5%
|-
|2009
|{{Decrease}}1,697.9
|{{Decrease}}15,146.9
|{{Decrease}}900.0
|{{Decrease}}8,029.3
|{{Decrease}}-5.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}43.7%
|-
|2010
|{{Increase}}1,806.3
|{{Increase}}15,879.3
|{{Increase}}1,057.8
|{{Increase}}9,299.5
|{{Increase}}5.1%
|{{Increase}}4.2%
|{{Steady}}5.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}42.0%
|-
|2011
|{{Increase}}1,911.3
|{{Increase}}16,567.2
|{{Increase}}1,180.5
|{{Increase}}10,232.4
|{{Increase}}3.7%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}5.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}42.9%
|-
|2012
|{{Increase}}2,012.8
|{{Increase}}17,212.6
|{{Increase}}1,201.1
|{{Increase}}10,271.4
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{Increase}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}42.7%
|-
|2013
|{{Increase}}2,064.5
|{{Increase}}17,428.6
|{{Increase}}1,274.4
|{{Increase}}10,759.0
|{{Increase}}1.4%
|{{Increase}}3.8%
|{{Steady}}4.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}45.9%
|-
|2014
|{{Increase}}2,173.2
|{{Increase}}18,119.8
|{{Increase}}1,315.4
|{{Increase}}10,967.1
|{{Increase}}2.9%
|{{Increase}}4.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}48.9%
|-
|2015
|{{Increase}}2,230.6
|{{Increase}}18,382.2
|{{Decrease}}1,171.9
|{{Decrease}}9,657.1
|{{Increase}}3.3%
|{{Increase}}2.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.3%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}52.8%
|-
|2016
|{{Increase}}2,383.4
|{{Increase}}19,422.1
|{{Decrease}}1,078.5
|{{Decrease}}8,788.6
|{{Increase}}2.6%
|{{Increase}}2.8%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}56.7%
|-
|2017
|{{Increase}}2,472.6
|{{Increase}}19,933.5
|{{Increase}}1,158.9
|{{Increase}}9,342.9
|{{Increase}}2.1%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}6.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.4%
|{{DecreasePositive}}54.0%
|-
|2018
|{{Increase}}2,587.2
|{{Increase}}20,643.6
|{{Increase}}1,222.4
|{{Increase}}9,753.7
|{{Increase}}2.2%
|{{Increase}}4.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}53.6%
|-
|2019
|{{Increase}}2,628.3
|{{Increase}}20,764.0
|{{Increase}}1,269.0
|{{Increase}}10,025.5
|{{Decrease}}-0.2%
|{{Increase}}3.6%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}3.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}53.3%
|-
|2020
|{{Decrease}}2,445.6
|{{Decrease}}19,137.4
|{{Decrease}}1,089.8
|{{Decrease}}8,528.1
|{{Decrease}}-8.1%
|{{Increase}}3.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}4.4%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}60.1%
|-
|2021
|{{Increase}}2,755.9
|{{Increase}}21,368.8
|{{Increase}}1,312.6
|{{Increase}}10,177.0
|{{Increase}}5.8%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.7%
|{{DecreasePositive}}4.1%
|{{DecreasePositive}}56.9%
|-
|2022
|{{Increase}}3,064.0
|{{Increase}}23,547.8
|{{Increase}}1,465.9
|{{Increase}}11,265.5
|{{Increase}}3.9%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}8.0%
|{{DecreasePositive}}3.3%
|{{DecreasePositive}}54.0%
|-
|2023
|{{Increase}}3,277.6
|{{Increase}}24,976.0
|{{Increase}}1,811.5
|{{Increase}}13,803.7
|{{Increase}}3.2%
|{{IncreaseNegative}}5.5%
|{{DecreasePositive}}2.9%
|{{DecreasePositive}}52.7%
|-
|2024
|''{{Increase}}3,423.6''
|''{{Increase}}25,875.8''
|''{{Increase}}1,994.1''
|''{{Increase}}15,072.0''
|''{{Increase}}2.1%''
|''{{Increase}}3.8%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}3.0%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}54.8%''
|-
|2025
|''{{Increase}}3,543.7''
|''{{Increase}}26,573.6''
|''{{Increase}}2,081.2''
|''{{Increase}}15,606.6''
|''{{Increase}}1.5%''
|''{{Increase}}3.1%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}3.4%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}55.1%''
|-
|2026
|''{{Increase}}3,676.8''
|''{{Increase}}27,364.8''
|''{{Increase}}2,171.3''
|''{{Increase}}16,159.9''
|''{{Increase}}1.8%''
|''{{Increase}}3.0%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}3.6%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}55.5%''
|-
|2027
|''{{Increase}}3,818.1''
|''{{Increase}}28,211.2''
|''{{Increase}}2,260.1''
|''{{Increase}}16,699.1''
|''{{Increase}}2.0%''
|''{{Increase}}3.0%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}3.7%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}55.9%''
|-
|2028
|''{{Increase}}3,968.9''
|''{{Increase}}29,113.8''
|''{{Increase}}2,356.8''
|''{{Increase}}17,287.9''
|''{{Increase}}2.1%''
|''{{Increase}}3.0%''
|''{{Steady}}3.7%''
|''{{IncreaseNegative}}56.3%''
|}

=== Poverty ===
{{Main|Poverty in Mexico}}
[[File:Poverty headcount ratio at 5.50 a day.png|thumb|350px|Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on World Bank data ranging from 1998 to 2018.]]
Poverty in Mexico is measured under parameters such as [[nutrition]], [[Drinking water|clean water]], [[Home|shelter]], [[education]], [[health care]], [[social security]], quality and [[Public utility|basic services]] in the household, [[Employment|income]] and [[social cohesion]] as defined by [[Social change|social development]] laws in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/264.pdf |title=Mexican Congress Bill, ''General Law of Social Development'' |author=Mexican Congress |date=January 4, 2004 |access-date=November 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722125903/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/264.pdf |archive-date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref> It is divided into two categories: Moderate poverty and Extreme poverty.

While less than 2% of Mexico's population lives below the [[Poverty threshold|international poverty line]] set by the [[World Bank]], as of 2013, Mexico's government estimates that 33% of Mexico's population lives in moderate poverty and 9% lives in [[extreme poverty]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalpolitico.com/2013/07/hay-53-3-millones-de-pobres-en-mexico/#axzz2afm3acCw|title=1.4 millones de mexicanos dejan la pobreza extrema entre 2010 y 2012|publisher=Animal político|date=July 29, 2013|access-date=July 31, 2013|archive-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707150424/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2013/07/hay-53-3-millones-de-pobres-en-mexico/#axzz2afm3acCw|url-status=dead}}</ref> which leads to 42% of Mexico's total population living below the national poverty line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/Boletines/Boletin/Comunicados/Especiales/2013/junio/comunica6.pdf |title=Clases medias en México |publisher=[[INEGI]] |date=June 12, 2013 |access-date=July 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715165329/http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/Boletines/Boletin/Comunicados/Especiales/2013/junio/comunica6.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2013  }}</ref> The gap might be explained by the government's adopting the [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty method]] as a way to measure poverty, so a person who has an income higher than the "international poverty line" or "well being income line" set by the Mexican government might fall in the "moderate poverty" category if he or she has one or more deficiencies related to social rights such as education (did not complete studies), nutrition (malnutrition or obesity), or living standards (including elemental, such as water or electricity, and secondary domestic assets, such as refrigerators). Extreme poverty is defined by the Mexican government as persons who have deficiencies in both social rights and an income lower than the "well being income line".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://estepais.com/site/?p=32594|title=La medición oficial de la pobreza en México|publisher=EstePaís.com|date=March 1, 2011|access-date=July 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215020601/http://estepais.com/site/?p=32594|archive-date=December 15, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additional figures from [[Secretariat of Welfare (Mexico)|SEDESOL]] (Mexico's social development agency) estimates that 6% (7.4 million people) live in extreme poverty and suffer from [[Food security in Mexico|food insecurity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/f1773e33b92b693ffaa0b83bb17317e9 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130720025514/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/f1773e33b92b693ffaa0b83bb17317e9 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 20, 2013 |title=Cruzada contra el hambre atenderá a 7.4 millones de pobres |newspaper=Milenio |date=January 21, 2013 |access-date=July 19, 2013 }}</ref>

Recently, extensive changes in government economic policy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2010/new031610a.htm|title=Mexico Recovering...|author=IMF Survey|publisher=International Monetary Fund|date=March 16, 2010|access-date=November 16, 2010|archive-date=January 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101070042/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2010/new031610a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and attempts at reducing government interference through privatization of several sectors,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanglobalization.org/latinams/pdf/GlobLatAmMexico.pdf |title=Impact of Globalization: the Case of Mexico |publisher=HumanGlobalization.org |date=November 2010 |access-date=November 16, 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726161837/http://humanglobalization.org/latinams/pdf/GlobLatAmMexico.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2011 }}</ref> for better<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubWP-513.pdf|title=Privatization in Mexico|author=Albert Chong and Florencio López de Silanes|publisher=Inter-American Development Bank|date=August 2004|access-date=November 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613164634/http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubWP-513.pdf|archive-date=June 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> or worse,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/libro.htm?l=1206|title=Globalización y Privatización: El Sector Público en México, 1982-1999|author=Hernández Oliva, Rocío Citlalli|id={{Listed invalid ISBN|968-6403-32-5}}|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública (INAP)|date=July 2001|access-date=November 16, 2010|archive-date=March 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315024127/http://www.bibliojuridica.org/libros/libro.htm?l=1206|url-status=live}}</ref> allowed Mexico to remain the biggest economy in Latin America,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-10-04/mexico-boom-leads-americas-as-drug-war-loses-to-nafta.html|title=Mexico Boom Leads Americas as Drug War Loses to NAFTA|author= Tal Barak Harif and Jonathan J. Levin|magazine=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=October 4, 2010|access-date=November 16, 2010}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=July 2022}} until 2005 when it became the second-largest;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9548374|title=Brazil now Latin America's largest economy|agency=Associated Press|work=NBC News|date=September 30, 2005|access-date=November 28, 2010|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924074657/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9548374|url-status=live}}</ref> and a so-called "[[trillion dollar club]]" member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/mexico/mexico_economy.html|title=Mexico in the Trillion Dollar Class|author=CIA World Fact Book|date=January 15, 2010|access-date=November 16, 2010|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402113537/https://theodora.com/wfbcurrent/mexico/mexico_economy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite these changes, Mexico continues to suffer great social inequality and lack of opportunities.<ref name="Guzman">{{cite web|url=http://www.mexidata.info/id1038.html|title=Social Inequality in Mexico|author=Samuel Peña Guzman|publisher=Mexidata.info|date=September 4, 2006|access-date=November 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125093758/http://mexidata.info/id1038.html|archive-date=November 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Enrique Peña Nieto|Peña Nieto's administration]] made an attempt at reducing poverty in the country, to provide more opportunities to its citizens such as jobs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/prensa/sectur/?contenido=36817 |title=Promoting Tourism to tackle Poverty |author=Secretary of Tourism |publisher=Mexican Federal Government |date=July 2, 2008 |access-date=November 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102516/http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/prensa/sectur/?contenido=36817 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> education, and the installation of [[universal healthcare]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=887286|title=Federal Government Poverty Fight Initiative|publisher=Notimex|date=December 28, 2009|access-date=November 16, 2010|archive-date=April 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412060752/http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=887286|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/mexico-universal-health/|title=Mexico achieves universal health coverage, enrolls 52.6 million people in less than a decade|publisher=Harvard School of Public Health|date=August 15, 2012|access-date=September 16, 2013|archive-date=February 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202092644/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/mexico-universal-health/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Income inequality ====
[[File:Mexico GDP per capita 2012.png|thumb|450px|The GDP per capita of Mexican States in USD, 2012.]]

A single person in Mexico, [[Carlos Slim]],<ref>{{cite magazine
 | title=Carlos Slim's Embarrassment of Riches - TIME | url= http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1642286,00.html
 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070713220925/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1642286,00.html
 | url-status= dead
 | archive-date= July 13, 2007
| magazine=Time | date=July 11, 2007}}</ref> has a net worth equal to six percent of GDP. Additionally, only ten percent of Mexicans represent 25% of Mexican GDP. A smaller group, 3.5%, represent 12.5% of Mexican GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2013/05/07/114858099-el-3-de-los-mexicanos-mas-acaudalados-gasta-lo-equivalente-a-una-decima-parte-del-pib |title=La Jornada en Internet: Gasto de los más acaudalados del país supera 10% del PIB |access-date=May 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509161652/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2013/05/07/114858099-el-3-de-los-mexicanos-mas-acaudalados-gasta-lo-equivalente-a-una-decima-parte-del-pib |archive-date=May 9, 2013  }}</ref>

According to the [[OECD]], Mexico is the country with the second highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, after [[Chile]] – although this gap has been diminishing over the last decade. The bottom ten percent of the income rung disposes 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper 10% dispose of almost 36%. OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development are only about a third of the OECD average – in absolute and relative numbers.<ref name="OECDREFORMA">Perspectivas OCDE: México Reformas para el Cambio [http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/8/49363879.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522205932/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/8/49363879.pdf|date=May 22, 2012}} "Si bien la pobreza había venido disminuyendo a lo largo de los últimos decenios, en fechas recientes ha vuelto a aumentar. Entre 2004 y 2008 la proporción de personas que vivían con menos del 50% del ingreso medio aumentó del 18.4% al 21%. También se registró un crecimiento considerable en las últimas estadísticas oficiales sobre la pobreza absoluta, que tienen en cuenta el acceso a alimentos, salud, educación, vivienda y otros factores. De acuerdo con datos recientes del Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL), entre 2006 y 2010, la proporción de personas que vivían en la pobreza (extrema y moderada) aumentó del 35% al 46% (lo que equivale a 52 millones de personas). El alto nivel de pobreza absoluta se refleja también en otros indicadores relativos a las condiciones de vida: por ejemplo, la mortalidad infantil, que es tres veces superior al promedio de la OCDE, y la tasa de analfabetismo, que supera a la media del conjunto de la Organización. México es el segundo país con las desigualdades más grandes entre los países de la OCDE, después de Chile, si bien la tendencia ha sido descendente en la última década. Las estadísticas más recientes de la OCDE, que figuran en el informe Divided We Stand (diciembre de 2011), señalan que el 10% más pobre de la población de México percibe alrededor del 1.3% del ingreso total disponible, mientras que el 10% más rico recibe casi el 36%. Aunque México es uno de los pocos países de la OCDE donde las desigualdades han disminuido en las últimas décadas, éstas siguen siendo altas y se han convertido en un obstáculo para el crecimiento y el desarrollo."</ref> According to the World Bank 2004, 17.6% of Mexico's population lived in extreme poverty, while 21% lived in moderate poverty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMEXICO/Resources/Executive_Summary.pdf |title=World Bank:Income Generation and Social Protection for the Poor:Executive Summary, 2005 |access-date=April 16, 2011 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001144/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMEXICO/Resources/Executive_Summary.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Remittances===
Mexico was the fourth-largest receiver of remittances in the world in 2017. [[Remittance]]s, or contributions sent by Mexicans living abroad, mostly in the United States, to their families at home in Mexico comprised $28.5&nbsp;billion in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/mexico/news/remittances/remittances-hit-record-high-in-2017|title=Mexico: Remittances hit record high in 2017|last=Colato|first=Javier|date=February 1, 2018|website=Focus Economics|access-date=February 1, 2018|archive-date=December 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209134231/https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/mexico/news/remittances/remittances-hit-record-high-in-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, remittances overtook oil to become the single largest foreign source of income for Mexico, larger than any other sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/doliaestevez/2016/05/16/remittances-supersede-oil-as-mexicos-main-source-of-foreign-income/#771cab411754} |title=Remittances Supersede Oil As Mexico's Main Source Of Foreign Income |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref>

The growth of remittances has more than doubled since 1997.<ref name="Fox News Latino">{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/04/02/remittances-to-mexico-drop-11-pct-in-february/|title=Remittances To Mexico Drop 11 Percent In February|website=[[Fox News]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627100246/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/04/02/remittances-to-mexico-drop-11-pct-in-february/|archive-date=June 27, 2013}}</ref> Recorded remittance transactions exceeded 41 million in 2003, of which 86 percent were made by electronic transfer.<ref name="remittances"/>

The Mexican government, cognizant of the needs of migrant workers, began issuing an upgraded version of the ''Matrícula Consular de Alta Seguridad'' (MACS, High Security Consular Identification), an identity document issued at Mexican consulates abroad. This document is now accepted as a valid identity card in 32 US states, as well as thousands of police agencies, hundreds of cities and counties, and banking institutions.<ref name="remittances"/>

The main states receiving remittances in 2014 were [[Michoacán]], [[Guanajuato]], [[Jalisco]], the [[State of Mexico]] and [[Puebla]], which jointly captured 45% of total remittances in that year.<ref name="banxicorem">{{in lang|es}}{{cite web |url=http://www.banxico.org.mx/publicadorFileDownload/download?documentId={15AB4EA1-926E-53EF-D7DB-8ED747F292F7} |title=Informe Anual, 2004, Banco de México |access-date=February 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813055235/http://www.banxico.org.mx/publicadorFileDownload/download?documentId=%7B15AB4EA1-926E-53EF-D7DB-8ED747F292F7%7D |archive-date=August 13, 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Several state governments, with the support of the federal government, have implemented programs to use part of the remittances to finance public works. This program, called ''Dos por Uno'' (Two for everyone), is designed so that for each peso contributed by migrants from their remittances, the state, and the federal governments will invest two pesos in building infrastructure at their home communities.<ref>{{cite news  | last =Fernández  | first =E  | author2 =Montaño, T.  | title =Migrantes aportan dinero para obras  | language =es  | newspaper =El Universal  | date =October 9, 2006 | url =http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/79853.html  | access-date =February 16, 2007  | archive-date =April 25, 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140425010842/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciudad/79853.html  | url-status =dead  }}</ref>

===Regional economies===
{{Further|List of Mexican states by GDP|List of Mexican states by GDP per capita}}

[[File:Mexico StatesHDI 2015.png|thumb|450px|[[List of Mexican states by Human Development Index|Mexican States by Human Development Index]], 2015.]]
Regional disparities and income inequality are a feature of the Mexican economy. While all constituent [[political divisions of Mexico|states]] of the federation have a [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) higher than 0.70 (medium to high development), the northern and central states have higher levels of HDI than the southern states. [[Nuevo León]], [[Jalisco]] and the [[Mexico City|Federal District]] have HDI levels similar to European countries, whereas that of [[Oaxaca]] and [[Chiapas]] is similar to that of China or Vietnam.<ref name="hdimex">{{cite journal|author=Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo |title=Informe sobre desarrollo humano, México, 2004 |publisher=United Nations |year=2005 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/informe-sobre-desarrollo-social-y-humano-mexico-2004 |format=PDF |access-date=February 16, 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213013139/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/informe-sobre-desarrollo-social-y-humano-mexico-2004 |archive-date=December 13, 2014 }}</ref>

At the municipal level, economic disparities are even greater: [[Benito Juárez, Mexico City|Benito Juárez borough]] in Mexico City has an HDI similar to that of Germany or New Zealand, whereas [[Metlatónoc]] in [[Guerrero]], would have an HDI identical to that of Malawi. The majority of the [[political divisions of Mexico|federal entities]] in the north have a high development (higher than 0.80), as well as the entities [[Colima]], Jalisco, [[Aguascalientes]], the Federal District, [[Querétaro]] and the southeastern states of [[Quintana Roo]] and [[Campeche]]). The less developed states (with medium development in terms of HDI higher than 0.70) are located along the southern Pacific coast.

In terms of share of the GDP by economic sector (in 2004), the largest contributors in agriculture are Jalisco (9.7%), [[Sinaloa]] (7.7%), and Veracruz (7.6%); the greatest contributors in industrial production are the Federal District (15.8%), [[State of México]] (11.8%) and Nuevo León (7.9%); the greatest contributors in the service sector are also the Federal District (25.3%), State of México (8.9%) and Nuevo León (7.5%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Participación sectorial por entidad federativa |author=INEGI |access-date=February 16, 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181238/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna14&c=1669 |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref>

Since the 1980s, the economy has slowly become less centralized; the Federal District's annual rate of GDP growth from 2003 to 2004 was the smallest of all federal entities at 0.2%, with drastic drops in the agriculture and industrial sectors. Nonetheless, it still accounts for 21.8% of the nation's GDP. The states with the highest GDP growth rates are Quintana Roo (9.0%), [[Baja California]] (8.9%), and [[San Luis Potosí]] (8.2%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna15&c=1670 |title=Producto interno bruto por entidad federativa. Variación anual |author=INEGI |access-date=February 16, 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714181853/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=cuna15&c=1670 |archive-date=July 14, 2007  }}</ref> In 2000, the federal entities with the highest GDP per capita in Mexico were the Federal District (US$26,320), Campeche (US$18,900) and Nuevo León (US$30,250); the states with the lowest GDP per capita were Chiapas (US$3,302), Oaxaca (US$4,100) and Guerrero (US$6,800).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/desarrollo/001.pdf |title=Indices de Desarrollo Humano |author=CONAPO |access-date=February 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605012635/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/desarrollo/001.pdf |archive-date=June 5, 2007 |language=es |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

===Companies===
{{See also|List of companies of Mexico|List of largest Mexican companies}}
Of the world's 2000 largest companies, ranked in the [[Forbes Global 2000]], 13 are headquartered in Mexico. Three are also among the 500 largest, measured by the [[Fortune Global 500]]. 
[[File:Plaza Carso - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[América Móvil]] headquarters in [[Mexico City]]]]
The list includes the largest Mexican companies in 2023:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
! align="center" |Rank
! align="center" |Forbes <br />2000 rank
! align="center" |Name
! align="center" |Headquarters
! align="center" |Revenue<br />(billions <br />US$)
! align="center" |Industry
|-
|1
|177
| align="left" |[[América Móvil]]
| align="left" |Mexico City
|43.57
| align="left" |Telecommunications
|-
|2
|312
| align="left" |[[Fomento Económico Mexicano]]
| align="left" |Monterrey
|35.86
| align="left" |Beverages
|-
|3
|375
| align="left" |[[Banorte]]
| align="left" |Monterrey
|16.82
| align="left" |Finance
|-
|4
|496
| align="left" |[[Grupo México]]
| align="left" |Mexico City
|13.93
| align="left" |[[Mining]]
|-
|5
|610
| align="left" |[[Grupo Bimbo]]
| align="left" |Mexico City
|20.74
| align="left" |[[Food processing]]
|-
|6
|1048
| align="left" |[[Inbursa]]
| align="left" |Mexico City
|4
| align="left" |[[Financial services]]
|-
|7
|1071
| align="left" |[[Cemex]]
| align="left" |Monterrey
|15.93
| align="left" |[[Building material]]
|-
|8
|1130
| align="left" |[[Arca Continental]]
| align="left" |Monterrey
|10..8
| align="left" |Beverages
|-
|9
|1188
| align="left" |[[Grupo Carso]]
| align="left" |[[Plaza Carso|Mexico City]]
|10.18
| align="left" |[[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
|-
|10
|1384
| align="left" |[[ALFA (Mexico)| ALFA]]
| align="left" |Monterrey
|18.27
| align="left" |Conglomerate
|-
|11
|1558
| align="left" |[[El Puerto de Liverpool]]
| align="left" |[[Bonn|Mexico City]]
|8.75
| align="left" |Retail
|-
|12
|1606
| align="left" |[[Grupo Elektra]]
| align="left" |[[Mexico City]]
|8.19
| align="left" |Finance
|-
|13
|1743
| align="left" |[[Fibra Uno]]
| align="left" |Mexico City
|1.17
| align="left" |Real Estate
|}