Editing Economy of Ethiopia (section)

==Sectors==

=== Agriculture, forestry and fishing ===
[[File:Specialty coffee originated from ethiopia.jpg|left|thumb|Coffee sorting process is huge since Ethiopia exports over a billion dollars' worth of coffee globally]]
[[File:Ethiopia econ 1976.jpg|236x236px|thumb|Map of economic activities in Ethiopia and Eritrea (1976)]]
{{See also|Agriculture in Ethiopia|Fishing in Ethiopia|Forestry in Ethiopia|label 1=Agriculture|label 2=Fishing}}

{{As of|2015}}, agriculture accounts for almost 40.5% of GDP, 81 percent of exports, and 85 percent of the [[Workforce|labour force]].<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=Ethiopia. CIA The World Fact Book|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Principal crops include [[coffee production in Ethiopia|coffee]], [[Pulse (legume)|pulse]]s (e.g., beans), [[rapeseed|oilseeds]], [[cereal]]s, potatoes, [[sugarcane]], and vegetables.  Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, with [[coffee]] as the largest foreign exchange earner, and its flower industry becoming a new source of revenue: for 2005/2006 (the latest year available) Ethiopia's coffee exports represented 0.9% of the world exports, and [[oilseeds]] and flowers each representing 0.5%.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/cat/longres.cfm?sk=22219.0 "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series"], International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 08/259, pp. 35f (Retrieved 4 February 2009)</ref> Ethiopia is Africa's second biggest [[maize]] producer.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9304411 | newspaper=The Economist| title=Get the gangsters out of the food chain | date=7 June 2007}}</ref> In 2000, Ethiopia's [[livestock]] contributed to 19% of total GDP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Livestock Sector Brief: Ethiopia|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/sector_briefs/lsb_ETH.pdf|work=FAO Country Profiles|publisher=FAO|access-date=7 November 2011|author=Food and Agriculture Organization|author-link=Food and Agriculture Organization|page=1|date=May 2004}}</ref>

{{As of|2008}}, some countries that import most of their food, such as [[Saudi Arabia]], have begun planning the purchase and [[land development|development]] of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia.<ref name="ft_2008-08-20">{{cite news |title=Arable Land, the new gold rush |first=Javier |last=Blas |author2=Andrew England |url=http://en.afrik.com/article14301.html |newspaper=Financial Times |location=London |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=6 November 2009 |quote=Meles Zenawi, the prime minister of Ethiopia, is also enthusiastic. After welcoming a Saudi agriculture delegation a fortnight ago, he said: 'We told them [the Saudis] that we would be very eager to provide hundreds of thousands of hectares of agricultural land for investment.' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923112001/http://en.afrik.com/article14301.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This [[land grabbing]] has raised fears of food being exported to more prosperous countries while the local population faces its own shortage.<ref name="ft_2008-08-20" />

[[Forest product]]s are mainly logs used in construction. The [[Silviculture|silvicutural]] products are used in [[construction]] and [[manufacturing]], and as [[Energy development|energy sources]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wakjira|first1=Dereje T.|last2=Gole|first2=Tadesse W.|year=2007|title=Customary Forest Tenure in Southwest Ethiopia|journal=Forests, Trees and Livelihoods|volume=17|issue=4|pages=325–338|doi=10.1080/14728028.2007.9752607|s2cid=167720625|issn=1472-8028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Silviculture in the Tropics|last1=Lemenih|first1=Mulugeta|last2=Bongers|first2=Frans|chapter=Dry Forests of Ethiopia and Their Silviculture |date=1 January 2011|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|isbn=9783642199851|editor-last=Günter|editor-first=Sven|series=Tropical Forestry|volume=8|pages=261–272|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-19986-8_17|editor-last2=Weber|editor-first2=Michael|editor-last3=Stimm|editor-first3=Bernd|editor-last4=Mosandl|editor-first4=Reinhard}}</ref>
Ethiopia's [[Fishery|fisheries]] are entirely [[fresh water]], as it has no marine [[coast]]line. Although total production has been continuously increasing since 2007, the fishing industry is a very small part of the economy. Fishing is predominantly [[Artisanal fishing|artisanal]]. In 2014, nearly 45,000 fishermen were employed in the sector with only 30% of them employed full-time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/ETH/en|title=Fisheries & Aquaculture - Country Profile|date=1 October 2015|series=Ethiopia|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170111113716/http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/ETH/en|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, Ethiopia produced the following goods:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia production in 2018, by FAO |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/}}</ref>

* 7.3 million tons of [[maize]] (17th largest producer in the world)
* 4.9 million tons of [[sorghum]] (4th largest producer in the world)
* 4.2 million tons of [[wheat]] 
* 2.1 million tons of [[barley]] (17th largest producer in the world)
* 1.8 million tons of [[sweet potato]] (5th largest producer in the world)
* 1.4 million tons of [[sugar cane]]
* 1.3 million tons of [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]] (5th largest producer in the world)
* 988 thousand tons of [[broad bean]]
* 982 thousand tons of [[millet]]
* 743 thousand tons of [[potato]]
* 599 thousand tons of [[vegetable]]
* 515 thousand tons of [[chick pea]] (6th largest producer in the world)
* 508 thousand tons of [[banana]]
* 470 thousand tons of [[coffee]] (6th largest producer in the world)
* 446 thousand tons of [[cabbage]]
* 374 thousand tons of [[pea]] (20th largest producer in the world)
* 322 thousand tons of [[onion]]
* 301 thousand tons of [[sesame seed]] (7th largest producer in the world)
* 294 thousand tons of [[bell pepper]]
* 172 thousand tons of [[lentil]] (11th largest producer in the world)
* 144 thousand tons of [[rice]]
* 143 thousand tons of [[peanut]]
* 140 thousand tons of [[cotton]]
* 124 thousand tons of [[garlic]]
* 102 thousand tons of [[mango]] (including [[mangosteen]] and [[guava]])
* 101 thousand tons of [[linseed]] (7th largest producer in the world)

=== Textile industry ===

Employees of Ethiopian [[Textile manufacturing|garment factories]], who work for brands such as [[Guess]], [[H&M]] or [[Calvin Klein]], receive a monthly salary of 26 dollars per month. These very low wages have led to low [[productivity]], frequent strikes and high turnover. Some factories have replaced all their employees on average every 12 months, according to a 2019 report of the Stern Centre for Business and Human Rights at [[New York University]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/08/en-ethiopie-les-petites-mains-de-h-m-ou-calvin-klein-gagnent-23-euros-par-mois_5459655_3212.html|title=En Ethiopie, les petites mains de H&M ou Calvin Klein gagnent 23 euros par mois|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|date=8 May 2019|via=Le Monde}}</ref>

===Minerals and mining===
{{excerpt|Mining in Ethiopia}}

===Energy===
{{main|Energy in Ethiopia}}
Waterpower and forests are Ethiopia's main energy sources. The country derives about 90 percent of its electricity needs from [[hydropower]], which means that [[electricity generation]], as with agriculture, is dependent on abundant rainfall. Present installed capacity is rated at about 2000 megawatts, with planned expansion to 10,000 megawatts. In general, Ethiopians rely on forests for nearly all of their energy and construction needs; the result has been [[Ethiopian deforestation|deforestation]] of much of the highlands during the last three decades.<ref name=cp/> Ethiopia has set out plans to invest $40 billion to 71 energy projects by 2030<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reglobal.co/ethiopia-plans-40-billion-investment-in-71-clean-energy-projects/|title=Ethiopia plans $40 billion investment in 71 clean energy projects|date=15 September 2021 |access-date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Abiy with Modi for BRICS Summit.jpg|left|thumb|Ethiopian Prime Minister [[Abiy Ahmed|Ahmed]] with Indian counterpart Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] meeting for Ethiopia's admission to the alliance ]]
Less than one-half of Ethiopia's towns and cities are connected to the national grid. Petroleum requirements are met via imports of refined products, although some oil is being hauled overland from Sudan. Oil exploration in Ethiopia has been underway for decades, ever since Emperor [[Haile Selassie of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I]] granted a 50-year concession to [[SOCONY-Vacuum]] in September 1945.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070504022725/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,854515,00.html "Sinco Places a Bet"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 17 September 1945 (Retrieved 14 May 2009)</ref>

Recent oil and gas discoveries across [[East Africa]] have seen the region emerge as a new player in the global oil and gas industry. As exciting as the huge gas fields of East Africa are, however, the strong decline in oil prices and expectations for an L-shaped recovery with low prices over the coming years are increasingly challenging the economic viability of the industry in this region.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Is East Africa's gas asset boom about to go bust?|url = http://www.mineweb.com/articles-by-type/independent-viewpoint/is-east-africas-gas-asset-boom-about-to-go-bust/|website = Mineweb|access-date = 18 February 2016|language = en-US|archive-date = 20 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151020141243/http://www.mineweb.com/articles-by-type/independent-viewpoint/is-east-africas-gas-asset-boom-about-to-go-bust/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Africa's exports by region {{!}} Bright Africa|url = http://www.riscura.com/brightafrica/exports-by-region/#gs.SFnDodg|website = www.riscura.com|access-date = 18 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160225100354/http://www.riscura.com/brightafrica/exports-by-region/#gs.SFnDodg|archive-date = 25 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> The reserves are estimated at {{convert|4|Tcuft}}, while exploration for gas and oil is underway in the [[Gambela Region]] bordering [[South Sudan]].<ref name="cp" />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:GERD Dam Image.jpg|thumb|The Grand Renaissance Dam is set to be one of the biggest dams on the globe, and the biggest in Ethiopia. It is set to generate billions of dollars' worth of economic growth, and electricity for 60 million people. ]] -->
The discoveries were expected to drive billions of dollars in annual investment to the region over the next decade.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Oil And Gas Discoveries Near Africa's East Coast To Soon Drive Billions in Investments: PWC|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/oil-gas-discoveries-near-africas-east-coast-soon-drive-billions-investments-pwc-1678534|website = International Business Times|date = 4 September 2014|access-date = 18 February 2016}}</ref> According to BMI estimates, the findings in the last few years are more than that of any other region in the world, and the discoveries are expected to continue for the next few years. However, falling global oil prices are threatening the commercial viability of many of these gas prospects.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Oil Prices: What's Behind the Drop? Simple Economics|url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/business/energy-environment/oil-prices.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 16 January 2016|access-date =18 February 2016|issn = 0362-4331|first = Clifford|last = Krauss}}</ref>

===Manufacturing===
{{main|Manufacturing in Ethiopia}}
A program to privatize state-owned enterprises has been underway since the late 1990s.<ref name=cp>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Ethiopia.pdf Ethiopia country profile]. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (April 2005). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> There has been a large growth of manufacturing in Ethiopia. Several industrial parks have been built with a focus on textiles.

===Transport===
{{main|Transport in Ethiopia}}
Prior to the outbreak of the 1998–2000 [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]], landlocked Ethiopia mainly relied on the seaports of [[Asseb]] and [[Massawa]] in [[Eritrea]] for international trade.

{{Multiple image
| image1            = ET-ALP - Boeing 767-360(ER) - Ethiopian Airlines - VGHS.jpg
| caption1          = [[Ethiopian Airlines]] is the largest airline in Africa, and one of the highest grossing airlines in the world with a revenue over 5 billion USD.
| image2            = Ethiopian Commercial Bank Addis Abeba.jpg
| caption2          = The largest bank in Ethiopia, the commercial bank's former headquarters in Addis Ababa, now serving as one of the other head offices.
| total_width       = 340
}}

{{As of|2005}}, Ethiopia uses the ports of [[Djibouti]], connected to [[Addis Ababa]] by the [[Rail transport in Ethiopia|Addis Ababa – Djibouti Railway]], and to a lesser extent [[Port Sudan]] in [[Sudan]].  In May 2005, the Ethiopian government began negotiations to use the port of [[Berbera]] in [[Somaliland]]. 

By 2030, the government expects a $74 billion investment in transportation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/ethiopia-transport-sector|title=Ethiopia Transport Sector|date=30 June 2022 |agency=International Trade Administration|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>

==== Road ====
As of 2016, there are {{Convert|113066|km|mi}} all-weather roads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ethiopia-Road-and-Railways|title=Ethiopia - Road and Railways|date=21 June 2017|website=export.gov|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010239/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ethiopia-Road-and-Railways|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Air ====
[[Ethiopian Airlines]] is Africa's largest and most profitable airline.<ref name="Ethiopian Airlines 2015 outlook: more rapid expansion as it becomes Africa’s largest airline">{{cite news|title=Ethiopian Airlines 2015 outlook: more rapid expansion as it becomes Africa's largest airline |work=CAPA Centre for Aviation |date=13 January 2015 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/ethiopian-airlines-2015-outlook-more-rapid-expansion-as-it-becomes-africas-largest-airline-204559 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170111040219/https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/ethiopian-airlines-2015-outlook-more-rapid-expansion-as-it-becomes-africas-largest-airline-204559|archive-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> It serves 132 destinations with a fleet of 141 aircraft.

==== Rail ====
The Ethiopian railway network has been rapidly expanding. In 2015, the first light rail in Africa was opening in Addis Ababa. In 2017, the electric [[Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway|Addis Ababa-Djibouti]] railway began operations. Presently, two other electric railways are under construction: [[Awash–Weldiya Railway|Awash-Woldiya]] and [[Weldiya–Mekelle Railway|Woldiya-Mekelle]].

===Telecommunications and technology===
{{See also|Telecommunications in Ethiopia|Media in Ethiopia|Internet in Ethiopia|label 1=Telecommunications|label 2=Media}}
Telecommunications were historically provided by a state-owned monopoly, Ethio Telecom, formerly the [[Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation]]. However, on October, 2022, [[Safaricom Telecommunications Ethiopia]] launched its telecommunications services, becoming the first private operator in the country.<ref>Dawit Endeshaw (2022) "Kenya's Safaricom launches network in Ethiopia as first private operator", Reuters, October 6. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/kenyas-safaricom-launches-network-ethiopia-first-private-operator-2022-10-06/</ref>  

[[File:Ethiopian cargo ship at Port of Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian shipment cargo ship, docked in Djibouti]]  

In 2020, ministers set out a national transformation strategy called Digital Ethiopia 2025.<ref>Blavatnik School of Government (2020) "A digital roadmap for the developing world", June 24. https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/news/digital-roadmap-developing-world</ref><ref>Eldad Damte (2020) "Digital Strategy Takes Root in Ethiopia", Addis Insight, June 20. https://addisinsight.net/digital-strategy-takes-root-in-ethiopia/</ref> Its aim is to prepare the country for the development of an economy based on digital technology.

===Tourism===
{{main|Tourism in Ethiopia}}
The services sector consists almost entirely of tourism, with additional economic opportunity in wholesale and retail trade, transportation, and communications. Developed in the 1960s, tourism declined greatly during the late 1970s and the 1980s under the military government. Recovery began in the 1990s, but growth has been constrained by the lack of suitable hotels and other infrastructure, the impact of drought, the 1998–2000 [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War|war with Eritrea]], and the specter of terrorism. In 2002 more than 156,000 tourists entered the country, many of them Ethiopians visiting from abroad, spending more than US$77 million.<ref name=cp/> In 2008, the number of tourists entering the country had increased to 330,000.<ref name="UNdata">{{cite web | url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Ethiopia | title=UNdata country profile: Ethiopia | access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> A decade later, in 2019, Ethiopia registered a record of 812,000 tourists visiting the country, bringing a revenue of $3.55 bn (4.2 percent of the gross national product).<ref>{{cite web |last1=World data. info |title=Development of the tourism sector in Ethiopia from 1995 to 2020 |url=https://www.worlddata.info/africa/ethiopia/tourism.php |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Project-E |title=Tourism in Ethiopia – Boom and Fall and Rise Again? |url=https://project-e.eu/tourism-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20fact%20that,year%20for%20the%20Ethiopian%20economy. |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831144135/https://project-e.eu/tourism-in-ethiopia/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20fact%20that,year%20for%20the%20Ethiopian%20economy. |url-status=dead }}</ref>