Editing Duke University (section)

=== Beginnings ===
{{Main|History of Duke University}}

[[File:Wdukebuild.jpg|thumb|Early 20th-century black-and-white photo.]]
Duke first opened in 1838 as Brown's Schoolhouse, a private [[subscription school]] founded in [[Randolph County, North Carolina]], in the present-day town of [[Trinity, North Carolina|Trinity]].<ref name="chronology">{{cite web|url=http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/history/chronology.html|title=A Chronology of Significant Events in Duke University's History|publisher=Duke University Archives|access-date=May 23, 2011|archive-date=March 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308092943/http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/history/chronology.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Organized by the Union Institute Society, a group of [[Methodist]]s and [[Quaker]]s, Brown's Schoolhouse became the Union Institute Academy in 1841 when North Carolina issued a charter. The academy was renamed Normal College in 1851, and then Trinity College in 1859 because of support from the [[Methodist Episcopal Church|Methodist Church]].<ref name="chronology" /> In 1892, Trinity College moved to [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], largely due to the generosity of [[Julian Carr (industrialist)|Julian S. Carr]] and [[Washington Duke]], powerful and respected Methodists who had grown wealthy through the tobacco and electrical industries.<ref name="king" /> Carr donated land in 1892 for the original Durham campus, which is now known as [[Duke University East Campus|East Campus]]. At the same time, Washington Duke gave the school $85,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|85000|1892|r=-4}}}} adjusted for inflation) for an initial endowment and construction costs—later augmenting his generosity with three separate $100,000 contributions in 1896, 1899, and 1900—with the stipulation that the college "open its doors to women, placing them on an equal footing with men."<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/111206/depret.html |last=Pyatt |first=Tim |date=November–December 2006 |title=Retrospective: Selections from University Archives |journal=Duke Magazine|publisher=Duke Office of Alumni Affairs |volume=92 |issue=6 |access-date=May 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515204431/http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/111206/depret.html |archive-date=May 15, 2011}}</ref> Duke would accelerate its mission to become a global university in 1910 with the promotion of [[William Preston Few]] as the new president of Trinity College, who sought to establish the university as a southern counterpart to [[Yale University|Yale]] and [[Harvard University|Harvard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of The Congregation At Duke University Chapel |url=https://congregation.chapel.duke.edu/history |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The Congregation at Duke University Chapel}}</ref>

In 1924, Washington Duke's son, [[James B. Duke]], established [[The Duke Endowment]] with a $40 million trust fund. Income from the fund was to be distributed to hospitals, orphanages, the Methodist Church, and four colleges (including Trinity College). Few, who remained president of Trinity, insisted that the institution be renamed Duke University to honor the family's generosity and to distinguish it from the myriad other colleges and universities carrying the "Trinity" name. At first, James B. Duke thought the name change would come off as self-serving, but eventually, he accepted Few's proposal as a memorial to his father.<ref name="king" /> Money from the endowment allowed the university to grow quickly. Duke's original campus, East Campus, was rebuilt from 1925 to 1927 with [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-style buildings. By 1930, the majority of the [[Collegiate Gothic in North America|Collegiate Gothic]]-style buildings on the campus one mile (1.6&nbsp;km) west were completed, and construction on [[Duke University West Campus|West Campus]] culminated with the completion of Duke Chapel in 1935.<ref name="chapel">[http://www.chapel.duke.edu/history.html Duke University Chapel – History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502222622/http://www.chapel.duke.edu/history.html |date=May 2, 2012}}. Friends of Duke Chapel. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
</ref> [[File:James Buchanan Duke statue at Duke University (retouched).jpg|left|thumb|alt=Statue of James B. Duke in foreground with Duke Chapel behind|[[James Buchanan Duke|James B. Duke]] established the Duke Endowment, which provides funds to numerous institutions, including Duke University.]]

In 1878, Trinity (in Randolph County) awarded [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B.]] degrees to three sisters—Mary, Persis, and Theresa Giles—who had studied both with private tutors and in classes with men. With the relocation of the college in 1892, the board of trustees voted to again allow women to be formally admitted to classes as day students. At the time of Washington Duke's donation in 1896, which carried the requirement that women be placed "on an equal footing with men" at the college, four women were enrolled; three of the four were faculty members' children. In 1903 Washington Duke wrote to the board of trustees withdrawing the provision, noting that it had been the only limitation he had ever put on a donation to the college. A woman's residential dormitory was built in 1897 and named the Mary Duke Building, after Washington Duke's daughter. By 1904, 54 women were enrolled in the college. In 1930, the Woman's College was established as a coordinate to the men's undergraduate college, which had been established and named Trinity College in 1924.<ref name="WashingtonDukeWomen">{{cite web |last=King |first=William E. |date=1997 |title=Washington Duke and the Education of Women |url=http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/uarchives/history/articles/washington-duke-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403002045/http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/uarchives/history/articles/washington-duke-women |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |access-date=March 24, 2015 |website=University Archives |publisher=David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library}}</ref>

According to Duke University Human Rights Center, the school's "policy in the 1920s [[school segregation in the United States|excluded blacks from admissions]] and also [[racial segregation in the United States|restricted blacks from using certain campus facilities]] such as the dining halls and dorm housing&nbsp;... In 1948, a group of divinity school students petitioned the divinity school to desegregate – the first concerted effort to push for the desegregation of Duke's admission policy."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Twu |first1=Marianne |title=Slavery and Segregation |url=https://humanrights.fhi.duke.edu/who-we-are/history-of-human-rights-at-duke/slavery-and-segregation/ |website=humanrights.fhi.duke.edu |publisher=Duke University |access-date=February 11, 2022 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521131008/https://humanrights.fhi.duke.edu/who-we-are/history-of-human-rights-at-duke/slavery-and-segregation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>