Editing Dublin (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Dublin}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Dublin}}

The area of [[Dublin Bay]] has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times; fish traps discovered from excavations during the construction of the [[Convention Centre Dublin]] indicate human habitation as far back as 6,000 years ago. Further traps were discovered closer to the old settlement of the city of Dublin on the [[Dublin quays|south quays]] near [[St. James's Gate]] which also indicate [[mesolithic]] human activity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ryan |first1=Danielle |title=Archaeologists find ancient fish trap at Dublin quays site |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/fish-basket-victoria-quay-diageo-site-997693-Jul2013/ |website=[[TheJournal.ie]] |date=19 July 2013 |access-date=9 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209144402/https://www.thejournal.ie/fish-basket-victoria-quay-diageo-site-997693-Jul2013/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2007:494 - Spencer Dock, North Wall Quay, Dublin, Dublin |url=https://excavations.ie/report/2007/Dublin/0017470/ |website=excavations.ie |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209143857/https://excavations.ie/report/2007/Dublin/0017470/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Ptolemy's map of Ireland]], of about 140 AD, provides possibly the earliest reference to a settlement near Dublin. [[Ptolemy]], the Greco-Roman astronomer and [[cartographer]], called it ''[[Eblana]] polis'' ({{langx|grc|Ἔβλανα πόλις}}).<ref name=Holder>{{cite book |last=Holder |first=Alfred |date=1896 |title=Alt-celtischer sprachschatz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWg9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1393 |language=de |location=Leipzig |publisher=B. G. Teubner |at=col.1393 |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003125/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWg9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1393%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Dublin - Dublinia - 20190809102938.jpg|thumb|A statue of a [[Vikings|Viking]] on a [[longship]] in Dublin]]
[[File:Dublin - Father Mathew Bridge - 110508 182542.jpg|thumb|[[Father Mathew Bridge]], also known as Dublin Bridge]]

Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988, meaning the Irish government recognised 988 as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin.<ref name="it1986">{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0108/1224261895496.html |title=From the Archives: 8 January 1986: 'Bogus' selection of the date to mark Dublin's millennium |last=McDonald |first=Frank |date=8 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020142454/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2010/0108/1224261895496.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is now thought<ref>Clarke, Howard (1995). Medieval Dublin, the making of a metropolis. Irish Academic Press. p. 44. {{ISBN|978-0716524595}}</ref> the Viking settlement of about 841 was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as ''Duibhlinn'', from which ''Dyflin'' took its name. Evidence indicating that Anglo-Saxons occupied Dublin before the Vikings arrived in 841 has been found in an archaeological dig in [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-Viking dwelling found in Temple Bar |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pre-viking-dwelling-found-in-temple-bar-26161153.html |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=Irish Independent |date=26 February 1999 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010142549/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/pre-viking-dwelling-found-in-temple-bar-26161153.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements which later became modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the [[River Poddle]], a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as [[Wood Quay]]. The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor. This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the [[Chester Beatty Library]] within [[Dublin Castle]]. ''[[Táin Bó Cuailgne]]'' ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to ''Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath'', meaning "Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath".

===Middle Ages===
In 841, the [[Vikings]] established a fortified base in Dublin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roesdahl |first1=Else |title=The Vikings |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-141-98476-6 |page=234 |edition=Third}}</ref> The town grew into a substantial commercial center under [[Olaf Guthfrithson]] in the mid-to-late 10th century<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winroth |first=Anders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E26YDwAAQBAJ |title=The Age of the Vikings |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-691-16929-3 |pages=54 |language=en |access-date=3 October 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092900/https://books.google.com/books?id=E26YDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> and, despite a number of attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] was launched from Wales in 1169.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory0000davi/page/1222/mode/2up |title=The Isles: a history |publisher=Macmillan |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-333-76370-4 |location=London |page=1222 |author-link=Norman Davies |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/2020-11/dublin-city-parks-strategy-2019-2022-part-1.pdf | publisher = Dublin City Council | work = Dublin City Parks Strategy 2019–2022 | title = Viking and Norman Dublin | accessdate = 12 May 2022 | archive-date = 27 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220627194343/https://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/2020-11/dublin-city-parks-strategy-2019-2022-part-1.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[hinterland]] of Dublin in the Norse period was named in {{Langx|non|Dyflinnar skíði|lit=Dublinshire}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Church |first=Peter J. |date=2021 |title=Why Are There Very Few Scandinavian Place-names in Ireland? |url=https://www.ssns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/02_Church_2021_Vol_52_pp_22_37.pdf |journal=[[Scottish Society for Northern Studies|Northern Studies]] |volume=52 |pages=22–37}}</ref>{{Rp|page=24}} It was upon the death of [[Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn]] in early 1166 that [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]], [[King of Connacht]], proceeded to Dublin and was inaugurated ''King of Ireland'' without opposition.

According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth is attributed to a trade in slaves.<ref name="dickson10">{{Cite book|title= Dublin The Making of a Capital City|last=Dickson|first=David|publisher=Profile Books Ltd.|year=2014|isbn=978-0-674-74444-8|page=10}}</ref> [[Slavery in Ireland]] and Dublin reached its pinnacle in the 9th and 10th centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|title= The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth To Twelfth Centuries|last=Holm|first=Poul|journal=[[Peritia]]|publisher=Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland|year=1989|pages=x}}</ref> Prisoners from slave raids and kidnappings, which captured men, women and children, brought revenue to the Gaelic Irish Sea raiders, as well as to the Vikings who had initiated the practice.<ref>{{Cite journal|title= The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth To Twelfth Centuries|last=Holm|first=Poul|journal=[[Peritia]]|publisher=Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland|year=1989|page=335|quote = the very idea of the taking of prisoners of war spread to the Irish [from the Vikings] in the tenth century}}</ref> The victims came from [[Wales]], England, Normandy and beyond.<ref name="dickson10"/>

The King of Leinster, [[Diarmait Mac Murchada]], after his exile by Ruaidhrí, enlisted the help of [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Strongbow]], the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murchada's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of the city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, [[Henry II of England]] affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself [[Lord of Ireland]].<ref name="Dublin.info">{{cite web|url=http://www.dublin.info/history|title=A Brief History of Dublin, Ireland|publisher=Dublin.info|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002945/http://www.dublin.info/history/|url-status=live}}</ref> Around this time, the ''county of the City of Dublin'' was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the [[Barony (Ireland)|barony]] of Dublin City was separated from the [[Dublin (barony)|barony of Dublin]]. Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated as the ''City of Dublin''.

[[File:The Dubhlinn Gardens Dublin Castle 01.JPG|thumb|[[Dublin Castle]], with its 13th-century tower, was the fortified seat of [[British rule in Ireland]] until 1922.]]
[[Dublin Castle]], which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King [[John of England]].<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Fitzhenry, Meiler}}</ref> Following the appointment of the first [[Lord Mayor of Dublin]] in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as a trade centre, despite an attempt by King [[Robert the Bruce]] of Scotland to capture the city in 1317.<ref name="Dublin.info"/> It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the [[Black Death]], a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R688at3KskQC&pg=PA49 The Story of Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801034214/https://books.google.com/books?id=R688at3KskQC&pg=PA49 |date=1 August 2020 }}''". Brian Igoe (2009). p.49.</ref><ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&pg=PA58 Black Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730033404/https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMC&pg=PA58 |date=30 July 2020 }}''". Joseph Patrick Byrne (2004). p.58. {{ISBN|0-313-32492-1}}</ref>

[[File:Dublin in 1610 - reprint of 1896.jpg|thumb|Dubline, 1610; a contemporary map by John Speed (1896 reprint)]]
Dublin was the heart of the area known as [[the Pale]], a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the [[English Crown]]. The [[Tudor conquest of Ireland]] in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland where English control and settlement had become much more extensive. Determined to make Dublin a Protestant city, Queen [[Elizabeth I]] established [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]] in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St. Patrick's]] and [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church]] cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The earliest map of the city of Dublin is [[John Speed's Map of Dublin (1610)]].{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=56-57}}

The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague from 1649 to 1651 wiped out almost half of the inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England and reached a population of over 50,000 in 1700.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gI8MYY6ASdcC&pg=PA34 Dublin: a cultural history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035433/https://books.google.com/books?id=gI8MYY6ASdcC&pg=PA34 |date=1 August 2020 }}''". Siobhán Marie Kilfeather (2005). [[Oxford University Press US]]. pp. 34–35. {{ISBN|0-19-518201-4}}</ref> By 1698 the manufacture of wool employed 12,000 people.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=252}}

===Early modern===
[[File:Henrietta Street, Dublin D1.jpg|thumb|[[Henrietta Street, Dublin|Henrietta Street]], developed in the 1720s, is the earliest [[Georgian Dublin|Georgian street]] in Dublin.]]
As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, [[Georgian Dublin]] became, for a short period, the second-largest city of the [[British Empire]] and the fifth largest city in Europe, with the population exceeding 130,000. While some medieval streets and layouts (including the areas around [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]], Aungier Street, Capel Street and Thomas Street) were less affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction, much of Dublin's architecture and layout dates from this period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin's Buildings |website=Dublin Civic Trust |url=http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229213823/http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/dublin-renaissance | publisher = The Architectural Review | website = architectural-review.com | title = Dublin Renaissance | date = 1993 | quote = [while] the impossibly bureaucratic sounding Wide Streets Commissioners [..] cut broad, ersatz boulevard swathes through the dense urban grain to create Parliament Street, Dame Street and Westmoreland Street [..] The minor streets of Temple Bar, originally little more than mean alleyways, have evolved over time | access-date = 29 December 2021 | archive-date = 29 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211229223345/https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/dublin-renaissance | url-status = live }}</ref>{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=220}}

Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as [[Merrion Square]], [[Irish Houses of Parliament|Parliament House]] and the [[City Hall, Dublin|Royal Exchange]]. The [[Wide Streets Commission]] was established in 1757 at the request of [[Dublin Corporation]] to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=58-59}} In 1759, the [[Guinness brewery]] was founded, and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b-tFDwAAQBAJ&q=guinness+%22largest+employer%22&pg=PT12 | publisher = Collins Press | title = Stones of Dublin | author = Lisa Marie Griffith | date = 2014 | quote = ''[Guinness] was Dublin's largest brewery in 1810, Ireland's largest in 1833, and the largest in the world by 1914. Guinness was also the city's largest employer'' | isbn = 9781848898721 | access-date = 10 November 2020 | archive-date = 26 September 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230926092901/https://books.google.com/books?id=b-tFDwAAQBAJ&q=guinness+%22largest+employer%22&pg=PT12 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/business/st-james-s-gate-a-brief-history-1.1308346 | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] | title = St James's Gate: a brief history | date = 16 April 2004 | access-date = 17 June 2018 | quote = ''[in] 1886 Guinness [was] officially the biggest brewery in the world with an annual production of 1.2&nbsp;million barrels. [And, by] 1906 the workforce exceeds 3,200; some 10,000 are directly dependent on the brewery for their livelihood – one in thirty of Dublin's population'' | archive-date = 7 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107002606/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/st-james-s-gate-a-brief-history-1.1308346%20 | url-status = live }}</ref> During the 1700s, linen was not subject to the same trade restrictions with England as wool, and became the most important Irish export. Over 1.5 million yards of linen was exported from Ireland in 1710, rising to almost 19 million yards by 1779.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=256}}

===Late modern and contemporary===
[[File:General Post Office Dublin 20060803.jpg|thumb|[[General Post Office (Dublin)|The GPO]] on [[O'Connell Street]] was at the centre of the 1916 [[Easter Rising]].]]
Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the [[Acts of Union 1800]], under which the seat of government was transferred to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster Parliament]] in London. The city played no major role in the [[Industrial Revolution]], but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.<ref name="Davies"/> [[Belfast]] developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.<ref name="Lyons">{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = F.S.L. | author-link = F. S. L. Lyons | title = Ireland since the famine | publisher = Collins / Fontana | year = 1973 | location = Suffolk | isbn = 978-0-00-633200-8 | page = [https://archive.org/details/irelandsincefami00lyon/page/880 880] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/irelandsincefami00lyon/page/880 }}</ref> By 1814, the population of Dublin was 175,319 as counted under the Population Act, making the population of Dublin higher than any town in England except London.{{sfn|Maxwell|1997|p=139}}

[[File:The shell of the G.P.O. on Sackville Street after the Easter Rising (6937669789).jpg|thumb|Damage in Dublin city centre following the 1916 [[Easter Rising]] with the ruins of the GPO to the left]]
The [[Easter Rising]] of 1916, the [[Irish War of Independence]], and the subsequent [[Irish Civil War]] resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The [[Government of the Irish Free State]] rebuilt the city centre and located the new parliament, the [[Oireachtas]], in [[Leinster House]]. Since the beginning of [[Normans|Norman]] rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: [[Lordship of Ireland]] (1171–1541), [[Kingdom of Ireland]] (1541–1800), as part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (1801–1922), and the [[Irish Republic]] (1919–1922). Following the [[partition of Ireland]] in 1922, it became the capital of the [[Irish Free State]] (1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the [[Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)|Garden of Remembrance]].

Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish [[The Troubles|Troubles]], although during this 30-year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the [[Ulster Volunteer Force]], bombed the city during this time – notably in an atrocity known as the [[Dublin and Monaghan bombings]] in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin.

Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the mid-20th century during a boom in office building. After this boom, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s slowed down the pace of building. Cumulatively, this led to a large decline in the number of people living in the centre of the city, and by 1985 the city had approximately 150 acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and {{Convert | 10 | e6sqft | sigfig = 1 | abbr=off}} of office space.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McDonald|first=Frank|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60079186|title=The destruction of Dublin|date=1985|publisher=Gill and Macmillan|isbn=0-7171-1386-8|location=Dublin|pages=332|oclc=60079186|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924144503/https://www.worldcat.org/title/destruction-of-dublin/oclc/60079186|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the [[Celtic Tiger]] period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following an economic decline during the Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and {{as of|2017|lc=y}} has close to full employment,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/256media/docs/dublineconomicmonitor_oct2017?e=16581915/54602478|title=Dublin Economic Monitor – October 2017|work=issuu|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206233041/http://issuu.com/256media/docs/dublineconomicmonitor_oct2017?e=16581915%2F54602478|url-status=live}}</ref> but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/construction-of-homes-in-dublin-city-halves-1.3737361 | title = Construction of homes in Dublin city halves | author = Olivia Kelly | date = 19 December 2018 | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] | quote = ''The number of homes under construction in Dublin city is down almost 50 per cent on last year, with a 20 per cent drop across the region as a whole, according to a new report from the Government's Dublin Housing Supply Task Force'' | access-date = 20 December 2018 | archive-date = 20 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181220035238/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/construction-of-homes-in-dublin-city-halves-1.3737361 | url-status = live }}</ref>