Editing Dragonfly (section)

==Evolution==
[[File:Meganeura monyi au Museum de Toulouse.jpg|thumb|The giant [[Upper Carboniferous]] dragonfly relative, ''[[Meganeura monyi]]'', attained a wingspan around {{convert|680|mm|in|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biology of Dragonflies |date=2018-10-13 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=324 |id=GGKEY:0Z7A1R071DD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J584AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA324 |quote=No dragonfly at present existing can compare with the immense ''Meganeura monyi'' of the Upper Carboniferous, whose expanse of wing was somewhere about 27&nbsp;inches. }}</ref> (Museum of Toulouse)]]
[[File:Mesurupetala, dragonfly, Late Late Jurassic, Tithonian Age, Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone, Solnhofen, Bavaria, Germany - Houston Museum of Natural Science - DSC01817.JPG|thumb|''[[Mesurupetala]]'', Late Jurassic ([[Tithonian]]), [[Solnhofen limestone]] (Germany)]]
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Dragonflies and their relatives are similar in structure to an ancient group, the [[Meganisoptera]] or griffinflies, from the 325&nbsp;[[Million years ago|Mya]] Upper [[Carboniferous]] of Europe, a group that included one of the largest insects that ever lived, ''[[Meganeuropsis permiana]]'' from the [[Cisuralian|Early Permian]], with a wingspan around {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Carde2009>{{cite book |last1=Resh |first1=Vincent H. |last2=Cardé |first2=Ring T. |date=22 July 2009 |title=Encyclopedia of Insects |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092090-0 |page=722 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA722}}</ref> The [[Protanisoptera]], another ancestral group that lacks certain wing-vein characters found in modern Odonata, lived in the [[Permian]].<ref name="Huguet Nel 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Huguet |first1=Aurélien |last2=Nel |first2=André |last3=Martinez-Delclos |first3=Xavier |last4=Bechly |first4=Gunter |last5=Martins-Neto |first5=Rafael |year=2002 |title=Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the Protanisoptera (Insecta: Odonatoptera) |journal=[[Geobios]] |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=537–560 |issn=0016-6995 | doi=10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00071-2 |bibcode=2002Geobi..35..537H | s2cid=81495925 }}</ref>

Anisoptera first appeared during the [[Toarcian]] age of the [[Early Jurassic]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Etter |first1=Walter |last2=Kuhn |first2=Olivier |date=2000 |title=An Articulated Dragonfly (Insecta, Odonata) From The Upper Liassic Posidonia Shale Of Northern Switzerland |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00157 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=967–977 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00157 |bibcode=2000Palgy..43..967E |s2cid=140165815 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> and the crown group developed in the [[Middle Jurassic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohli |first1=Manpreet Kaur |last2=Ware |first2=Jessica L. |last3=Bechly |first3=Günter |year=2016 |title=How to date a dragonfly: Fossil calibrations for odonates |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=576 |doi=10.26879/576 |doi-access=free |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/fc-8 }}</ref> They retain some traits of their distant predecessors, and are in a group known as the [[Palaeoptera]], meaning 'ancient-winged'. Like the gigantic griffinflies, dragonflies lack the ability to fold their wings up against their bodies in the way modern insects do, although some evolved their own different way to do so. The forerunners of modern Odonata are included in a clade called the Panodonata, which include the basal Zygoptera (damselflies) and the Anisoptera (true dragonflies).<ref name=grimaldi >{{cite book |last1=Grimaldi |first1=David |last2=Engel |first2=Michael S. |year=2005 |title=Evolution of the Insects |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521821490 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110/page/n189 175]–187 |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutioninsects00grim_110 |url-access=limited }}</ref> Today, some 3,000&nbsp;species are extant around the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Z.-Q. |year=2011 |title=Phylum Arthropoda {{small|(von Siebold, 1848)}} In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) ''Animal Biodiversity'': An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=3148 |pages=99–103 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.14 |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p103.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dunkle |first=Sidney W. |year=2000 |title=Dragonflies through Binoculars: A field guide to the dragonflies of North America |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-511268-9}}</ref>

The relationships of anisopteran families are not fully resolved as of 2021, but all the families are [[monophyletic]] except the [[Corduliidae]], and the [[Austropetaliidae]] are sister to the [[Aeshnoidea]]:<ref name="Bybee 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Bybee |first1=Seth M. |last2=Kalkman |first2=Vincent J. |last3=Erickson |first3=Robert J. |last4=Frandsen |first4=Paul B. |last5=Breinholt |first5=Jesse W. |last6=Suvorov |first6=Anton |last7=Dijkstra |first7=Klaas-Douwe B. |last8=Cordero-Rivera |first8=Adolfo |last9=Skevington |first9=Jeffrey H. |last10=Abbott |first10=John C. |last11=Sanchez Herrera |first11=Melissa |last12=Lemmon |first12=Alan R. |last13=Moriarty Lemmon |first13=Emily |last14=Ware |first14=Jessica L. |display-authors=6 |year=2021 |title=Phylogeny and classification of Odonata using targeted genomics |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=160 |page=107115 |issn=1055-7903 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107115 |doi-access=free  |pmid=33609713 |bibcode=2021MolPE.16007115B |hdl=11093/2768 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1 =Anisoptera
|1 = {{clade
   |label1 =
   |1 = {{clade
      |label1 =
      |1 =[[Austropetaliidae]]
      |2 =[[Aeshnoidea]] (hawkers)
      }}
   |2 = {{clade
      |label1 =
      |1 =[[Petaluridae]] (petaltails)
      |2 =[[Gomphidae]] (clubtails)
      |3 = {{clade
         |label1 =
         |1 = {{clade
            |label1 =
            |1 =[[Neopetaliidae]]
            |2 =[[Cordulegastridae]] (goldenrings)
            |3 =[[Chlorogomphidae]]
            }}
         |label2 =[[Libelluloidea]]
         |2 = {{clade
            |1 = {{clade
               |label1 =
               |1 =[[Synthemistidae]] (tigertails)
               |2 =''many Synthemistidae genera, [[incertae sedis]]''
               }}
            |2 = {{clade
               |label1 =
               |1 =[[Macromiidae]] (cruisers)
               |2 = {{clade
                  |label1 =
                  |1 ="[[Corduliidae]]" (emeralds) {{grey|[''not a true clade'']}}
                  |2 =[[Libellulidae]] (skimmers)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}