Editing Doric dialect (Scotland) (section)

==Phonology==
Most [[consonants]] are usually pronounced much as in other [[Modern Scots]] dialects but:

*In [[Buchan]] the [[Consonant cluster|cluster]] '''cht''', also '''ght''', may be realised {{IPA|/ð/}} in some words, rather than {{IPA|/xt/}} as in other dialects, for example: ''dochter'' (daughter), {{lang|sco|micht}} (might) and ''nocht'' (nought), often written ''dother'', ''mith'' and ''noth'' in dialect writing.
* The clusters '''gn''' and '''kn''' are realised {{IPA|/ɡn/}} and {{IPA|/kn/}}, for example ''gnaw'', ''gnap'', ''knee'', ''knife'', ''knock'' (a clock) and ''knowe'' (knoll).
*In Buchan, towards the coast, '''th''' followed by ''er'' may be realised {{IPA|/d/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ð/}} as in other dialects, for example: ''brither'' (brother), ''faither'' (father), ''gaither'' (gather) and ''mither'' (mother), often written ''bridder'', ''fadder'', ''gaider''~''gedder'' and ''midder'' in dialect writing.
* '''wh''' is realised {{IPA|/f/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ʍ/}} as in [[Central Scots]] dialects, for example ''whit'' (what) and ''wha'' (who), often written ''fit'' and {{lang|sco|fa}}({{lang|sco|a}}) in dialect writing.
*The cluster '''wr''' may be realised {{IPA|/vr/}}, rather than {{IPA|/r/}} as in Central Scots dialects, for example ''wratch'' (wretch), ''wrath'', {{lang|sco|wricht}} (wright) and {{lang|sco|wrocht}} (wrought~worked), often written {{lang|sco|vratch}}, {{lang|sco|vrath}}, {{lang|sco|vricht}} and {{lang|sco|vrocht}} in dialect writing.

Some [[vowel]] realisations differ markedly from those of [[Central Scots]] dialects. The vowel numbers are from Aitken.<ref>Aitken A.J. 'How to Pronounce Older Scots' in 'Bards and Makars'. Glasgow University Press 1977</ref> See also [[Cardinal vowels]].

* '''a''' (vowel 17) before {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} may be {{IPA|/ə/}} or {{IPA|/ʌ/}} rather than {{IPA|/a(ː)/}}.
* '''aw''' and '''au''' (vowel 12), sometimes '''a''' or '''a{{'}}''' representing [[L-vocalisation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND:A 2 (2) |publisher=Dsl.ac.uk |access-date=2010-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211646/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=4317&startset=14&query=A&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |title=SND W 6 |publisher=Dsl.ac.uk |access-date=2010-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703212329/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/getent4.php?plen=9458&startset=45678332&query=W&fhit=letter+AND+alphabet&dregion=entry&dtext=snd#fhit |archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> are realised {{IPA|/aː/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}} as in Central Scots dialects, for example ''aw'' (all), ''cauld'' (cold), ''braw'' (brave, handsome, fine, splendid), ''faw'' (fall) and ''snaw'' (snow), often written ''aa'', {{lang|sco|caal}}({{lang|sco|d}}), {{lang|sco|braa}}, {{lang|sco|faa}} and {{lang|sco|snaa}} in dialect writing. In Buchan, in some words the [[Word stem|stem]] final ''w'' may be realised {{IPA|/v/}}, often with a {{IPA|/j/}} glide before the preceding vowel, for example ''awe'' {{IPA|[jaːv]}} (awe), ''blaw'' {{IPA|[bl(j)aːv]}} (blow), ''gnaw'' {{IPA|[ɡnjaːv]}}, ''law'' {{IPA|[ljaːv]}}, ''snaw'' {{IPA|[snjaːv]}} (snow) and ''taw'' {{IPA|[tjaːv]}}~{{IPA|[tʃaːv]}} often written ''yaave'', ''blyaave'', {{lang|sco|gnaave}}, ''snyaave'' and ''tyauve''~''tyaave''~''chaave'' in dialect writing.
*In some areas '''ai''' or '''a''' (consonant) '''e''' {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} (vowel 4 or 8) may be realised {{IPA|/əi/}} after {{IPA|/w/}}, [[Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|dark {{IPA|/l/|cat=no}}]] and occasionally after other consonants, for example ''claes'' (clothes), ''coal'', ''coat'', ''gape'', ''wade'', ''waik'' (weak), ''wait'', ''wale'' (choose) and ''wame'' (belly), often written ''clyes'', ''kwile'', {{lang|sco|kwite}}, ''gype'', ''wyde'', ''wyke'', ''wyte'', ''wyle'' and ''wyme'' in dialect writing. A preceding {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/n/}} may produce a {{IPA|/j/}} glide, with the vowel realised {{IPA|/a/}}, for example ''caird'' {{IPA|[kjard]}} (card), ''cake'' {{IPA|[kjak]}}, ''naig'' {{IPA|[njaɡ]}} (nag) and ''nakit'' {{IPA|[njakɪt]}} (naked). The cluster '''ane''' is realised {{IPA|/en/}} in Moray and Nairn but is usually {{IPA|/in/}} in other areas,<ref>Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) ''Manual of Modern Scots''. Cambridge, University Press. p.44</ref> for example, ''ane'' (one) ''ance'' (once), ''bane'' (bone) and ''stane'' (stone), often written ''een'', ''eence'', ''been'' and ''steen'' in dialect writing.
*'''ea''', '''ei''' (vowel 3) is usually {{IPA|/i(ː)/}}, though the realisation may be {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} along the coast and in Moray and Nairn. The realisation may also be {{IPA|/əi/}} in, for example, ''great'', ''quean'' (girl), {{lang|sco|seiven}} (seven), {{lang|sco|sweit}} (sweat), ''weave'' and ''wheat'', and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before {{IPA|/k/}} in, for example, ''speak'', often written ''gryte'', ''quine'', ''syven'', {{lang|sco|swyte}}, ''wyve'', ''fyte'' and {{lang|sco|spik}}({{lang|sco|k}}) in dialect writing. Before {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} the realisation may be {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in, for example, ''heiven'' (heaven), ''reason'', ''season'' and {{lang|sco|seiven}} (seven), often written {{lang|sco|hivven}}, {{lang|sco|rizzon}}, {{lang|sco|sizzon}} and {{lang|sco|sivven}} in dialect writing.
*'''ee''' (vowels 2 and 11), '''e'''(Consonant)'''e''' (vowel 2). Occasionally '''ei''' and '''ie''' with ''ei'' generally before ''ch'' ({{IPA|/x/}}), but also in a few other words, and ''ie'' generally occurring before ''l'' and ''v''. The realisation is generally {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} but may be {{IPA|/əi/}} after {{IPA|/w/}}, dark {{IPA|/l/}} and occasionally after other consonants in, for example, ''cheenge'' (change), ''heeze'' (lift) and ''swee'' (sway), often written {{lang|sco|chynge}}, {{lang|sco|hyse}} and {{lang|sco|swye}} in dialect writing.
*'''eu''' (vowel 7 before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/x/}} see ''ui''), sometimes '''ui''' and '''oo''' after Standard English also occur, is generally {{IPA|/ju/}} in for example, ''beuk'' (book), ''eneuch'' (enough), ''ceuk'' (cook), ''leuk'' (look) and ''teuk'' (took).
* Stem final '''ew''' (vowel 14) may be realised {{IPA|/jʌu/}} in, for example, ''few'', ''new'' and also in ''beauty and duty'', often written {{lang|sco|fyow}}({{lang|sco|e}}), {{lang|sco|nyow}}({{lang|sco|e}}), ''byowty'' and {{lang|sco|dyowty}} in dialect writing. Before {{IPA|/k/}} the realisation may be {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in, for example, ''week'', often written ''wyke'' in dialect writing.
* '''ui''' (vowel 7) is realised {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} and {{IPA|/wi(ː)/}} after {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}. Also '''u''' (consonant) '''e''', especially before nasals,<ref>SND:U 2 4i</ref> and '''oo''' from the spelling of Standard English cognates, in for example, ''abuin'' (above), ''cuit'' (ankle) and ''guid'' (good), often written ''abeen'', ''queet'' and ''gweed'' in dialect writing. In Moray and Nairn the realisation is usually {{IPA|/(j)uː/}} before {{IPA|/r/}} in, for example, ''buird'' (board), ''fluir'' (floor) and ''fuird'' (ford), often written ''boord'', ''floor'' and ''foord'' in dialect writing. The realisation {{IPA|[i(ː)]}} also occurs in ''adae'' (ado), ''dae'' (do), ''shae'' (shoe) and ''tae'' (to~too).