Editing Dolly (sheep) (section)

== Birth ==
Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers: one provided the egg, another the DNA, and a third carried the cloned embryo to term.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Williams | year = 2003 | first1 = N. | title = Death of Dolly marks cloning milestone | journal = Current Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 209–210 | pmid=12646139 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00148-9 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2003CBio...13.R209W }}</ref> She was created using the technique of [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]], where the [[cell nucleus]] from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized [[oocyte]] (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a [[blastocyst]] it is implanted in a surrogate mother.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campbell KH|author2=McWhir J |author3=Ritchie WA|author4=Wilmut I |title=Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line |journal=Nature |volume=380 |issue=6569 |pages=64–6 |date=1996 |pmid=8598906 | doi = 10.1038/380064a0|bibcode = 1996Natur.380...64C |s2cid=3529638 }}</ref> Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McLaren A |title=Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5472 |pages=1775–80 |date=2000 |pmid=10877698 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5472.1775|s2cid=44320353 }}</ref><ref name=Wilmut>{{Cite journal|display-authors=4|author=Wilmut I|author2=Schnieke AE|author3=McWhir J|author4=Kind AJ|author5=Campbell KH |title=Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells |journal=Nature |volume=385 |issue=6619 |pages=810–3 |date=1997 |pmid=9039911 | doi=10.1038/385810a0 |bibcode=1997Natur.385..810W|s2cid=4260518}}</ref> The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature [[cellular differentiation|differentiated]] somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic [[Totipotency|totipotent]] state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |author=Niemann H |author2=Tian XC |author3=King WA |author4=Lee RS |date=February 2008 |title=Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning |url=http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/135/2/151.full.pdf |url-status= |journal=Reproduction |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=151–63 |doi=10.1530/REP-07-0397 |pmid=18239046 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719155145/http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/135/2/151.full.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997.<ref name="BBC-97"/> It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in ''Time'' magazine featured Dolly.<ref name=j1/> ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' featured Dolly as the [[Breakthrough of the Year|breakthrough of the year]]. Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell.<ref>{{cite journal | author1=McKinnell, Robert G.| author2= Di Berardino, Marie A. | title=The Biology of Cloning: History and Rationale| journal=BioScience | volume=49 | issue=11 | pages=875–885| date=November 1999 | doi=10.2307/1313647| jstor=1313647| doi-access=free}}</ref>