Editing Doll (section)

===Early history and traditional dolls ===
[[File:PaddleDoll.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A typical Egyptian [[paddle doll]] from 2080 – 1990 BC]]
[[File:Chancay - Textile Doll - Walters 83768.jpg|thumb|140px|Textile doll (11th century), [[Chancay culture]], found near [[Lima]], [[Walters Art Museum]]. Of their small size, dolls are frequently found in ancient Peruvian tombs<ref>{{cite web|title=Textile Doll|url=https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/|website=[[Walters Art Museum]] site}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>.]]
The earliest dolls were made from available materials such as [[clay]], stone, [[wood]], [[bone]], [[ivory]], [[leather]], or [[wax]]. [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for the oldest known [[toy]]. Wooden [[paddle doll]]s have been found in [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] tombs dating to as early as the 21st century BC.<ref name="Fraserpg7">{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=7 }}</ref> Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BC. Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders.<ref name="Fraserpg7"/><ref name="Garland2008">{{cite book|last=Garland|first=Robert|date=2008|title=Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-R1PmAEACAAJ|publisher=Sterling|location=New York City, New York|isbn=978-1-4549-0908-8|page=96}}</ref> Rag dolls and stuffed animals were probably also popular, but no known examples of these have survived to the present day.<ref name="Garland2008"/> Stories from ancient Greece around 100&nbsp;AD show that dolls were used by little girls as playthings.<ref name="Fraserpg7"/> Greeks called a doll κόρη, literally meaning "little girl", and a wax-doll was called δάγυνον, δαγύς and πλαγγών. Often dolls had movable limbs and were called νευρόσπαστα, they were worked by strings or wires.<ref name="Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities">[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=pupa-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Pupa]</ref>
In [[ancient Rome]], dolls were made of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in the graves of Roman children. Like children today, the younger members of Roman civilization would have dressed their dolls according to the latest fashions. In Greece and Rome, it was customary for boys to dedicate their toys to the gods when they reached puberty and for girls to dedicate their toys to the goddesses when they married.<ref name="Fraserpg7"/><ref name="Garland2008"/> At marriage the Greek girls dedicated their dolls to [[Artemis]] and the Roman girls to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], but if they died before marriage their dolls were buried with them.<ref name="Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities"/>
[[Rag doll]]s are traditionally home-made from spare scraps of [[cloth]] material. Roman rag dolls have been found dating back to 300&nbsp;BC.<ref>[http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/compass/ixbin/hixclient.exe?%7BUPPER%7D%3Av2_free_text_tindex=rag+doll&_IXDB_=compass&_IXSPFX_=..%2Fcompass%2Fgraphical%2Fsummary%2F&_IXFPFX_=..%2Fcompass%2Fgraphical%2Ffull%2F&_IXNOMATCHES_=..%2Fcompass%2Fgraphical%2Fno_matches.html&%24+%28with+v2_searchable_index%29+sort=.&_IXsearchterm=rag%2520doll&submit-button=summary The twenty-first century BCE. British museum exhibit]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Akuaba.jpg|thumb|Traditional African [[akuaba]] dolls]]
Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children's playthings, but they may also have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were also used in children's education and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=4–7 }}</ref>

[[African dolls]] are used to teach and entertain; they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shape and costume vary according to region and custom. Dolls are frequently handed down from mother to daughter. ''[[Akuaba]]'' are wooden ritual [[fertility]] dolls from [[Ghana]] and nearby areas. The best known ''akuaba'' are those of the [[Ashanti people]], whose ''akuaba'' have large, disc-like heads. Other tribes in the region have their own distinctive style of ''akuaba''.
[[File:Hinadolls.jpg|thumb|[[Japanese traditional dolls|Japanese]] hina dolls, displayed during the [[Hinamatsuri]] festival]]
There is a rich history of [[Japanese dolls]] dating back to the [[Dogū]] figures (8000–200&nbsp;BCE). and [[Haniwa]] funerary figures (300–600 AD). By the eleventh century, dolls were used as playthings as well as for protection and in religious ceremonies. During [[Hinamatsuri]], the doll festival, {{nihongo|hina dolls|雛人形|hina-ningyō}} are displayed. These are made of straw and wood, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles. [[Daruma doll]]s are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent [[Bodhidharma]], the East Indian who founded [[Zen]], and are used as good luck charms. Wooden [[Kokeshi]] dolls have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical body, representing little girls.

The use of an [[effigy]] to perform a spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of such [[magic (paranormal)|magical]] devices include the European [[poppet]] and the ''[[nkisi]]'' or ''bocio'' of West and Central Africa. In European [[folk religion|folk]] magic and [[witchcraft]], poppet dolls are used to represent a person for casting spells on that person. The intention is that whatever actions are performed upon the effigy will be transferred to the subject through [[sympathetic magic]]. The practice of sticking pins in ''[[voodoo doll]]s'' have been associated with African-American [[Hoodoo (folk magic)|Hoodoo]] folk magic. Voodoo dolls are not a feature of [[Haitian Vodou]] religion, but have been portrayed as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls are sold to tourists in Haiti. Likely the voodoo doll concept in popular culture is influenced by the European poppet.<ref>{{cite episode |title= Divination|episode-link= List_of_QI_episodes_%28D_series%29#Episode_10_.22Divination.22|series= QI|series-link= QI|credits= [[Stephen Fry]] (presenter), [[John Lloyd (producer)|John Lloyd]] (creator), [[Ian Lorimer]] (director)|network= [[BBC]]|season= [[List of QI episodes (D series)|D]]|number= 10}}</ref> A [[kitchen witch]] is a poppet originating in Northern Europe. It resembles a stereotypical [[witchcraft|witch]] or [[crone]] and is displayed in residential kitchens as a means to provide good luck<ref>{{cite web|title=Kitchen Witches|url=http://home.earthlink.net/~lunafaeart/id2.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221050758/http://home.earthlink.net/~lunafaeart/id2.html|archive-date=December 21, 2007|work=earthlink.net}}</ref> and ward off bad spirits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://doggychild.tripod.com/kitchenwitchmaker|title=kitchen witch dolls, kitchen witches, kitchen witch|work=tripod.com}}</ref>

[[File:Kachina Doll (Kokopol), probably late 19th century, 04.297.5575.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A traditional Native American [[Hopi Kachina figure|Hopi Kachina doll]], probably late 19th century]]
[[File:Inuit doll.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A [[Greenlandic Inuit]] doll]]
[[Hopi Kachina dolls]] are effigies made of cottonwood that embody the characteristics of the ceremonial [[Kachina]], the masked spirits of the [[Hopi]] Native American tribe. Kachina dolls are objects meant to be treasured and studied in order to learn the characteristics of each Kachina. [[Inuit doll]]s are made out of [[soapstone]] and [[bone]], materials common to the [[Inuit]]. Many are clothed with animal [[fur]] or skin. Their clothing articulates the traditional style of dress necessary to survive cold winters, wind, and snow. The tea dolls of the [[Innu people]] were filled with tea for young girls to carry on long journeys. [[Apple doll]]s are traditional North American dolls with a head made from dried apples. In [[Inca mythology]], [[Sara Mama]] was the goddess of [[cereal|grain]]. She was associated with [[maize]] that grew in multiples or was similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Sara Mama. [[Corn husk doll]]s are traditional [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] dolls made out of the dried leaves or [[husk]] of a [[corncob]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/collection/itempage.jsp?itemid=5950|title=Digital collection – Corn Husk Doll|publisher=Massachusetts Department of Higher Education|access-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> Traditionally, they do not have a face. The making of corn husk dolls was adopted by early European settlers in the United States.<ref name="EIU - exhibits - The uses of corn in 1845">{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.edu/history/ha/exhibits/2010/Corn_website_Werkmeister/Corn%20for%20people.html|title=The uses of corn in 1845|publisher=[[Eastern Illinois University]]|access-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308134701/http://www.eiu.edu/history/ha/exhibits/2010/Corn_website_Werkmeister/Corn%20for%20people.html|archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> Early settlers also made rag dolls and carved wooden dolls, called ''Pennywoods''.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=23}}</ref> La [[última muñeca]], or "the last doll", is a tradition of the ''[[Quinceañera]]'', the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of [[Latin America]]. During this ritual the ''quinceañera'' relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy.<ref>Mitchell, Claudia A. and Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (2008) ''Girl Culture: an Encyclopedia''. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 495. {{ISBN|0-313-33908-2}}.</ref> In the United States, dollmaking became an industry in the 1860s, after the Civil War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ctdollartists.com/history.htm|title=A History of Dolls|work=ctdollartists.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095004/http://ctdollartists.com/history.htm|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Russian-Matroshka no bg.jpg|thumb|left|A set of Russian [[Matryoshka doll]]s taken apart]]
[[Matryoshka doll]]s are traditional Russian dolls, consisting of a set of hollow wooden figures that open up and nest inside each other. They typically portray traditional peasants and the first set was carved and painted in 1890.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianlife.com/article.cfm?Number=196|title=Home – Russian Life|work=russianlife.com|access-date=23 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817043128/http://www.russianlife.com/article.cfm?Number=196|archive-date=17 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Germany, clay dolls have been documented as far back as the 13th century, and wooden doll making from the 15th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=13–14}}</ref> Beginning about the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made for [[Nativity scene]] displays, chiefly in Italy.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=14–18}}</ref> Dolls with detailed, fashionable clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were often crudely constructed.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=18–19}}</ref> The German and Dutch [[peg wooden doll]]s were cheap and simply made and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe from the 16th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=19–22}}</ref> Wood continued to be the dominant material for dolls in Europe until the 19th century.<ref name="Fraser 1973 26">{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|p=26}}</ref> Through the 18th and 19th centuries, wood was increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more articulate.<ref name="Fraser 1973 26"/> It is unknown when dolls' glass eyes first appeared, but brown was the dominant eye color for dolls up until the [[Victorian era]] when blue eyes became more popular, inspired by [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1973|pp=26–27}}</ref>

[[File:Layli (Lurish doll) from Mamasani, Iran.jpg|thumb|right| [[Layli (Luri doll)|Layli dolls]] from [[Mamasani County|Mamasani]], [[Iran]]]]
Dolls, [[puppets]] and [[masks]] allow ordinary people to state what is impossible in the real situation;<ref>Baird, B. (2002). ''Honar-e Arousaki (The Art of the Puppet)''. Translated to Persian by Javad Zolfaghari. Tehran: Nowruz-e Honar.</ref> In Iran for example during [[Qajar era]], people criticised the politics and social conditions of Ahmad-Shah's reign via puppetry without any fear of punishment.<ref>[[Bahram Beyzai|Beyzai, Bahram]] (2004). ''Iranian theatre''. Tehran: Roshangaran. p. 98</ref> According to the Islamic rules, the act of dancing in public especially for women, is a taboo. But dolls or puppets have free and independent identities and are able to do what is not feasible for the real person. [[Layli (Lurish doll)|Layli]] is a hinged dancing doll, which is popular among the [[Lur people]] of [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nikouei |first1=A. |last2=Sohrabi Nasirabadi |first2= M. |year=2016|title= Study of the Importance of Contemporary Iranian Traditional Handmade Dolls and Puppets|journal=Wacana Seni Journal of Arts Discourse|volume=15|page=2761|doi=10.21315/ws2016.15.2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Gorjian, F. (2010). [http://anthropology.ir/article/29097.html The status of traditional handmade dolls (Layli or Bavig) in Lurish folklore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417071738/http://anthropology.ir/article/29097.html |date=17 April 2017 }}. anthropology.ir</ref> The name Layli is originated from the [[Middle East]] folklore and love story, [[Layla and Majnun]]. Layli is the symbol of the beloved who is spiritually beautiful.<ref>Azimpour, P. (2010). ''Farhang-e Aroosak-ha va Namayesh-haye Aroosaki-e Aeeni va Sonati-e Iran (Iranian Ritual and Traditional Puppets and Puppet Shows Dictionary)''. Tehran: Namayesh. p. 554</ref> Layli also represents and maintains a cultural tradition, which is gradually vanishing in urban life.