Editing Digital video (section)

===Cameras===
{{Further|Digital cinematography|Image sensor|Video camera}}

The basis for [[digital video camera]]s is [[metal–oxide–semiconductor]] (MOS) [[image sensors]].<ref name="Williams">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=J. B. |title=The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Future |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319490885 |pages=245–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4QlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245}}</ref> The first practical [[semiconductor]] image sensor was the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD), invented in 1969<ref>{{Cite book | title = Scientific charge-coupled devices | author = James R. Janesick | publisher = SPIE Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8194-3698-6 | pages = 3–4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyE4SWytn4C&pg=PA3 }}</ref> by Willard S. Boyle, who won a Nobel Prize for his work in physics.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2009|title=2009 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Kao, Boyle, and Smith|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.5.023739|journal=Physics Today|issue=10 |page=14182 |doi=10.1063/pt.5.023739|bibcode=2009PhT..2009j4182. |issn=1945-0699}}</ref> Following the commercialization of CCD sensors during the late 1970s to early 1980s, the [[entertainment industry]] slowly began transitioning to [[digital imaging]] and digital video from analog video over the next two decades.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stump |first1=David |title=Digital Cinematography: Fundamentals, Tools, Techniques, and Workflows |date=2014 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-04042-9 |pages=83–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-MjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83}}</ref> The CCD was followed by the [[CMOS]] [[active-pixel sensor]] ([[CMOS sensor]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stump |first1=David |title=Digital Cinematography: Fundamentals, Tools, Techniques, and Workflows |date=2014 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-1-136-04042-9 |pages=19–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-MjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19}}</ref> developed in the 1990s.<ref name="Fossum2014">{{cite journal |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |author1-link=Eric Fossum |last2=Hondongwa |first2=D. B. |title=A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors |journal=IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society |date=2014 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=33–43 |doi=10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=fossum93>{{cite book |last1=Fossum |first1=Eric R. |chapter=Active pixel sensors: Are CCDS dinosaurs? |author1-link=Eric Fossum |title=Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III |journal=SPIE Proceedings Vol. 1900: Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors III |volume=1900 |date=12 July 1993 |doi=10.1117/12.148585 |bibcode=1993SPIE.1900....2F |citeseerx=10.1.1.408.6558 |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics |pages=2–14 |s2cid=10556755 |editor1-last=Blouke |editor1-first=Morley M.}}</ref>

Major films{{efn|Defined as the top 200 grossing live-action films}} shot on digital video overtook those shot on film in 2013. Since 2016 over 90% of major films were shot on digital video.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-11 |title=The use of digital vs celluloid film on Hollywood movies |url=https://stephenfollows.com/digital-vs-film-on-hollywood-movies/ |access-date=2019-10-23 |website=Stephen Follows |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Rodriguez Film Once Upon a Time in Mexico This is a structural review. |url=http://www.writework.com/essay/robert-rodriguez-film-once-upon-time-mexico-structural-rev |access-date=2013-04-22 |publisher=WriteWork}}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, 92% of films are shot on digital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2018 |title=Maybe the war between digital and film isn't a war at all |language=en-us |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |url=https://www.avclub.com/maybe-the-war-between-digital-and-film-isn-t-a-war-at-a-1828527569 |access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> Only 24 major films released in 2018 were shot on 35mm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizov |first=Vadim |date=24 April 2019 |title=24 Films Shot on 35mm Released in 2018 |url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/107353-23-films-35mm-released-in-2018/ |access-date=2019-09-14 |website=Filmmaker Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Today, cameras from companies like [[Sony]], [[Panasonic]], [[JVC]] and [[Canon (company)|Canon]] offer a variety of choices for shooting high-definition video. At the high end of the market, there has been an emergence of cameras aimed specifically at the digital cinema market. These cameras from [[Sony]], [[Vision Research Phantom|Vision Research]], [[Arri]], [[Blackmagic Design]], [[Panavision]], [[Grass Valley (company)|Grass Valley]] and [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|Red]] offer resolution and [[dynamic range]] that exceeds that of traditional video cameras, which are designed for the limited needs of [[broadcast television]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Heart of a Phone Camera: The CMOS Active Pixel Image Sensor|url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph250/lu2/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=large.stanford.edu}}</ref>
[[File:Betacam_SP_camera.jpg|thumb|A Betacam SP camera, originally developed in 1986 by Sony]]